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What is meant by functional dependencies? Consider a relation schema R and α C R and β C R. The functional dependency α ->β holds on relational schema R if in any legal relati
Describe DROP TABLE command of SQL along with both the options - CASCADE and RESTRICT. DROP TABLE command - This command drops the specified table. Dropping a table also dro
Define entity integrity and referential integrity. How does SQL allow specification of these? Ans: Entity Integrity Rule- If the attribute A of relation R is a prime attribut
what is database management system? & why it is required?
Security And Integrity After Reading the concepts of database recovery in the last section, let us now deal with a vital concept that helps in minimizing consistency errors in
Update or Modify operation alters the existing values. If these operations alter the value that is the foreign key also, the only check need is the similar as that of the Insert op
Sparse and Dense Indexes These indexes in principle are the similar as that of indexes used at the back of the book. The key facts of the indexes are: They are arranged
What is a SELECT operation? The select operation selects tuples that please a given predicate. We use the lowercase letter σ to denote selection.
Question: In a multi-user database environment, locking mechanisms can be used to solve the three basic problems of concurrency. On the other hand, however, locking may also le
What are the advantages of embedded query language? Give an example of an embedded SQL query. Embedded query language - SQL could be implemented within two ways. It can be us
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