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Explain the difference between using functions along with and without grouping attributes in relational algebra. Give examples. Ans: Group functions are used to group data of
case study
Types of Data fragmentation
There are two major types of fragmentation: Horizontal& Vertical. Horizontal fragments, as the name suggests are subsets of tuples and vertical fragments are subsets of attributes
What are audit trails? An audit trail is a log of all alters to the database along with information like which user performed the change and when the alter was performed.
Describe the capabilities offered via MySQL client APIs? . • Checking for errors. . • Connecting to the MySQL server, selecting a database, disconnecting from the server
Record based Logical Models: Use records as the key data representation components Examples: Relational Model: It shows data as well as relationship between data in the form
If R1 and R2 are two union compatible relations or functions, then the result of R3 = R1 ∩R2 is the relation that contains all tuples that are in both the relations In other words,
The Transactions- A transaction is definite as the unit of work in a database system. Database systems that deal with a huge number of transactions are also termed as transaction p
Use inheritance as an implementation technique when you are going to use inheritance as an implementation technique, you can achieve same goal in a safer way by making one cla
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