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GROUP 14: TIN AND LEAD
Tin and lead give some resemblance to the lighter elements in group 14, especially Ge. Although they are uniquely more metallic in their physical and chemical characteristics, simple cationic chemistry is the exception rather than the rule. As with group 13, two oxidation states MIV and MII are found, the MII form giving more stable for lead.
Both substances have rather low abundance, but are commoner than other heavy metals. They occur in the minerals galena PbS and cassiterite SnO2. They each have various stable isotopes, Sn more than any other element (10). Some Pb isotopes are discovered from the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium. The isotopic composition of Pb (and thus its atomic mass) differs detectably according to the source, and such variations have been used to estimate the age the Earth of and of rocks.
The elements are readily made by reduction of their ores and are soft, low-melting, somewhat unreactive metals. Tin is required for plating, and both elements in low-melting alloys and as many elements. Applications of lead are declining as its substances are very toxic. A continuing major need is in leadacid batteries, which depend on two reactions involving the PbII, Pb0 and PbIV states:
Occurring at different electrodes, these show a cell potential of 2 V, greater than can be obtained easily from any other pair of electrode reactions in aqueous solution
What is basically Gibb''s free energy change?Why it is required and How is related to spontaneity of a chemical reaction ? Ans) The energy associated with a chemical reaction t
Aldehydes and Ketones Carbonyl compounds are of two types, ketones and aldehydes. Both of them comprise a carbon-oxygen double bond frequently known as carbonyl group.
Usually we grudgingly accept that syntheses involving activated EAS reactions will unavoidably yield both ortho and para isomers, and this inefficiency is acceptable in exam and ho
The f-block elements contains of two series of inner transition elements i.e. lanthanoids (the fourteen elements subsequent lanthanum) and actinoids (the fourteen elements subseque
NaH + H2O ->
Q. Describe Oxosalts? In these minerals, metals are present as their oxosalts, such as carbonates, sulphates, nitrates, phosphates, borates and silicates. Some important minera
with suitable examples explain how a polar molecule could induce polarity to a nearby nonpolar molecule . Ans) Throughinduction,, the positive part of the polar molecule will a
How many electron have br+ Neutral Br, being in Group 7A, has 7 valence electrons; therefore, Br+ has 6.
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Borax bead test : The transparent glassy bead while heated along with inorganic salt and the colour produced gives some idea of cation present in it. Table:
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