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The Structured Query Language
INTRODUCTION
Database is an organised set of information about an entity having controlled redundancy and serves numerous applications. DBMS (database management system) is application software that is developed to make and influence the data in database. A query language can simply access a data in a database. SQL (Structured Query Language) is language used by most relational database systems. IBM developed the SQL language in mid-1979. All communication with the RDBMS and the clients or among RDBMS is by SQL. Whether the client is a disguised engine or a basic SQL engine such as a GUI, one RDBMS talking to another or report writer, SQL statements pass from the client to the server. The server responds by processing the SQL and returning the results. The benefits of this approach are that the only network traffic is the first query and the resulting response. The processing power of the client is reserved for running the application.
SQL is a data sub-language having of three built-in languages: Data definition language (DDL), Data manipulation language (DML) and Data control language (DCL). It is a fourth generation language. SQL has many more benefits and features. It should be noted that a lot of commercial DBMS may or may not execute all the details given in this unit. For instance, MS-ACCESS does not support some of these features. Even some of the constructs may not be portable, please consult the DBMS Help for any such dissimilarity.
Example: RELATIONAL SCHEMA for PERSON: PERSON (PERSON_ID: integer, NAME: string, AGE: integer, ADDRESS: String) RELATION INSTANCE In this instance, m = 3 and n = 4
write-set(T): Each data items that are written by a transaction T
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What is Asterisk in SQL? Asterisk (*): In SQL, the columns for all the tables and views in the FROM clause will be displayed.
Determine the OBJECTIVES of object design After passing through this unit, you should be able to: describe and apply concept of generalisation; understand and appl
Data Independence This brings us to our next topic: data independence. It is the property of the database which tries to make sure that if we make any change in any level of sc
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Database systems have many opposite efforts ?
Draw an ER diagram for company''s database schema
draw er diagram using entities crop,employee,department,plot,cultivation plan,machinery,seed,fertilizer
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