The complexity ladder, Data Structure & Algorithms

Assignment Help:

The complexity Ladder:

  • T(n) = O(1). It is called constant growth. T(n) does not raise at all as a function of n, it is a constant. For illustration, array access has this characteristic. A[i] takes the identical time independent of the size of the array A.
  • T(n) = O(log2 (n)). It is called logarithmic growth. T(n) raise proportional to the base 2 logarithm of n. In fact, the base of logarithm does not matter. For instance, binary search has this characteristic.
  • T(n) = O(n). It is called linear growth. T(n) linearly grows with n. For instance, looping over all the elements into a one-dimensional array of n elements would be of the order of O(n).
  • T(n) = O(n log (n). It is called nlogn growth. T(n) raise proportional to n times the base 2 logarithm of n. Time complexity of Merge Sort contain this characteristic. Actually no sorting algorithm that employs comparison among elements can be faster than n log n.
  • T(n) = O(nk). It is called polynomial growth. T(n) raise proportional to the k-th power of n. We rarely assume algorithms which run in time O(nk) where k is bigger than 2 , since such algorithms are very slow and not practical. For instance, selection sort is an O(n2) algorithm.
  • T(n) = O(2n) It is called exponential growth. T(n) raise exponentially.

In computer science, Exponential growth is the most-danger growth pattern. Algorithms which grow this way are fundamentally useless for anything except for very small input size.

Table 1 compares several algorithms in terms of their complexities.

Table 2 compares the typical running time of algorithms of distinct orders.

The growth patterns above have been tabulated in order of enhancing size. That is,   

  O(1) <  O(log(n)) < O(n log(n)) < O(n2)  < O(n3), ... , O(2n).

Notation

Name

Example

O(1)

Constant

Constant growth. Does

 

 

not grow as a function

of n. For example, accessing array for one element A[i]

O(log n)

Logarithmic

Binary search

O(n)

Linear

Looping over n

elements, of an array of size n (normally).

O(n log n)

Sometimes called

"linearithmic"

Merge sort

O(n2)

Quadratic

Worst time case for

insertion sort, matrix multiplication

O(nc)

Polynomial,

sometimes

 

O(cn)

Exponential

 

O(n!)

Factorial

 

 

              Table 1: Comparison of several algorithms & their complexities

 

 

 

Array size

 

Logarithmic:

log2N

 

Linear: N

 

Quadratic: N2

 

Exponential:

2N

 

8

128

256

1000

100,000

 

3

7

8

10

17

 

8

128

256

1000

100,000

 

64

16,384

65,536

1 million

10 billion

 

256

3.4*1038

1.15*1077

1.07*10301

........

 


Related Discussions:- The complexity ladder

Stack, Explain in detail the algorithmic implementation of multiple stacks....

Explain in detail the algorithmic implementation of multiple stacks.

What is assertions, What is Assertions Introduction At every point...

What is Assertions Introduction At every point in a program, there are generally constraints on the computational state that should hold for program to be correct. For ins

Psedocodes, write a pseudocode to input the top speed (in km''s/hours) of 5...

write a pseudocode to input the top speed (in km''s/hours) of 5000 cars output the fastest speed and the slowest speed output the average (mean) speed of all the 5000 cars answers

Conversion of general trees to binary trees, Taking a suitable example expl...

Taking a suitable example explains how a general tree can be shown as a Binary Tree. Conversion of general trees to binary trees: A general tree can be changed into an equiv

What do you mean by hash clash, What do you mean by hash clash? Hashing...

What do you mean by hash clash? Hashing is not perfect. Occasionally, a collision occurs when two different keys hash into the same hash value and are assigned to the same arra

How conquer technique can be applied to binary trees, How divide and conque...

How divide and conquer technique can be applied to binary trees?  As the binary tree definition itself separates a binary tree into two smaller structures of the similar type,

Binary search, In a sorted list, Binary search is carried out by dividing t...

In a sorted list, Binary search is carried out by dividing the list into two parts depends on the comparison of the key. Since the search interval halves each time, the iteration o

Illustrate the visual realism applications, Illustrate the Visual realism a...

Illustrate the Visual realism applications a)   Robot Simulations : Visualization of movement of their links and joints  and end effector movement etc. b)  CNC programs ver

Registers, what are registers? why we need register? Definition? Types? Wha...

what are registers? why we need register? Definition? Types? What registers can do for us?

Memory allocation strategies, Q. Explain the various memory allocation stra...

Q. Explain the various memory allocation strategies.                                                            Ans. M e m ory Allocation Strategies are given as follow

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd