The complexity ladder, Data Structure & Algorithms

Assignment Help:

The complexity Ladder:

  • T(n) = O(1). It is called constant growth. T(n) does not raise at all as a function of n, it is a constant. For illustration, array access has this characteristic. A[i] takes the identical time independent of the size of the array A.
  • T(n) = O(log2 (n)). It is called logarithmic growth. T(n) raise proportional to the base 2 logarithm of n. In fact, the base of logarithm does not matter. For instance, binary search has this characteristic.
  • T(n) = O(n). It is called linear growth. T(n) linearly grows with n. For instance, looping over all the elements into a one-dimensional array of n elements would be of the order of O(n).
  • T(n) = O(n log (n). It is called nlogn growth. T(n) raise proportional to n times the base 2 logarithm of n. Time complexity of Merge Sort contain this characteristic. Actually no sorting algorithm that employs comparison among elements can be faster than n log n.
  • T(n) = O(nk). It is called polynomial growth. T(n) raise proportional to the k-th power of n. We rarely assume algorithms which run in time O(nk) where k is bigger than 2 , since such algorithms are very slow and not practical. For instance, selection sort is an O(n2) algorithm.
  • T(n) = O(2n) It is called exponential growth. T(n) raise exponentially.

In computer science, Exponential growth is the most-danger growth pattern. Algorithms which grow this way are fundamentally useless for anything except for very small input size.

Table 1 compares several algorithms in terms of their complexities.

Table 2 compares the typical running time of algorithms of distinct orders.

The growth patterns above have been tabulated in order of enhancing size. That is,   

  O(1) <  O(log(n)) < O(n log(n)) < O(n2)  < O(n3), ... , O(2n).

Notation

Name

Example

O(1)

Constant

Constant growth. Does

 

 

not grow as a function

of n. For example, accessing array for one element A[i]

O(log n)

Logarithmic

Binary search

O(n)

Linear

Looping over n

elements, of an array of size n (normally).

O(n log n)

Sometimes called

"linearithmic"

Merge sort

O(n2)

Quadratic

Worst time case for

insertion sort, matrix multiplication

O(nc)

Polynomial,

sometimes

 

O(cn)

Exponential

 

O(n!)

Factorial

 

 

              Table 1: Comparison of several algorithms & their complexities

 

 

 

Array size

 

Logarithmic:

log2N

 

Linear: N

 

Quadratic: N2

 

Exponential:

2N

 

8

128

256

1000

100,000

 

3

7

8

10

17

 

8

128

256

1000

100,000

 

64

16,384

65,536

1 million

10 billion

 

256

3.4*1038

1.15*1077

1.07*10301

........

 


Related Discussions:- The complexity ladder

State in detail about the integer, State in detail about the Integer ...

State in detail about the Integer Carrier set of the Integer ADT is the set {..., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ...}, and  operations on these values are addition, multiplication, subtrac

Explain first - fit method, First - Fit Method: -    The free list is trave...

First - Fit Method: -    The free list is traversed sequentially to search the 1st free block whose size is larger than or equal to the amount requested. Once the block is found it

Multiple stack in single dimensional array, Implement multiple stacks in a ...

Implement multiple stacks in a single dimensional array. Write algorithms for various stack operations for them.

Stack, Explain the array and linked list implementation of stack

Explain the array and linked list implementation of stack

Shortest path algorithms, A driver takes shortest possible route to attain ...

A driver takes shortest possible route to attain destination. The problem which we will discuss here is similar to this type of finding shortest route in any specific graph. The gr

Explain merge sort, Merge sort: Merge sort is a sorting algorithm that ...

Merge sort: Merge sort is a sorting algorithm that uses the idea of split and conquers. This algorithm splits the array into two halves, sorts them separately and then merges t

Functions and modelling the data flows, Read the scenario (Pickerings Prope...

Read the scenario (Pickerings Properties). (a) List the functions of the system, as perceived by an external user. (b) List the external entities. Note that because we are mo

Programme in c to create a single linked list, Q. Write  down a   p...

Q. Write  down a   programme  in  C  to  create  a  single  linked  list also  write the functions to do the following operations (i)  To insert a new node at the end (ii

Implement an open hash table, In a chained hash table, each table entry is ...

In a chained hash table, each table entry is a pointer to a collection of elements. It can be any collection that supports insert, remove, and find, but is commonly a linked list.

Algorithm for similar binary tree, Q. The two Binary Trees are said to be s...

Q. The two Binary Trees are said to be similar if they are both empty or if they are both non- empty and left and right sub trees are similar. Write down an algorithm to determine

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd