The complexity ladder, Data Structure & Algorithms

Assignment Help:

The complexity Ladder:

  • T(n) = O(1). It is called constant growth. T(n) does not raise at all as a function of n, it is a constant. For illustration, array access has this characteristic. A[i] takes the identical time independent of the size of the array A.
  • T(n) = O(log2 (n)). It is called logarithmic growth. T(n) raise proportional to the base 2 logarithm of n. In fact, the base of logarithm does not matter. For instance, binary search has this characteristic.
  • T(n) = O(n). It is called linear growth. T(n) linearly grows with n. For instance, looping over all the elements into a one-dimensional array of n elements would be of the order of O(n).
  • T(n) = O(n log (n). It is called nlogn growth. T(n) raise proportional to n times the base 2 logarithm of n. Time complexity of Merge Sort contain this characteristic. Actually no sorting algorithm that employs comparison among elements can be faster than n log n.
  • T(n) = O(nk). It is called polynomial growth. T(n) raise proportional to the k-th power of n. We rarely assume algorithms which run in time O(nk) where k is bigger than 2 , since such algorithms are very slow and not practical. For instance, selection sort is an O(n2) algorithm.
  • T(n) = O(2n) It is called exponential growth. T(n) raise exponentially.

In computer science, Exponential growth is the most-danger growth pattern. Algorithms which grow this way are fundamentally useless for anything except for very small input size.

Table 1 compares several algorithms in terms of their complexities.

Table 2 compares the typical running time of algorithms of distinct orders.

The growth patterns above have been tabulated in order of enhancing size. That is,   

  O(1) <  O(log(n)) < O(n log(n)) < O(n2)  < O(n3), ... , O(2n).

Notation

Name

Example

O(1)

Constant

Constant growth. Does

 

 

not grow as a function

of n. For example, accessing array for one element A[i]

O(log n)

Logarithmic

Binary search

O(n)

Linear

Looping over n

elements, of an array of size n (normally).

O(n log n)

Sometimes called

"linearithmic"

Merge sort

O(n2)

Quadratic

Worst time case for

insertion sort, matrix multiplication

O(nc)

Polynomial,

sometimes

 

O(cn)

Exponential

 

O(n!)

Factorial

 

 

              Table 1: Comparison of several algorithms & their complexities

 

 

 

Array size

 

Logarithmic:

log2N

 

Linear: N

 

Quadratic: N2

 

Exponential:

2N

 

8

128

256

1000

100,000

 

3

7

8

10

17

 

8

128

256

1000

100,000

 

64

16,384

65,536

1 million

10 billion

 

256

3.4*1038

1.15*1077

1.07*10301

........

 


Related Discussions:- The complexity ladder

Adjacency matrix representation of a graph, An adjacency matrix representat...

An adjacency matrix representation of a graph cannot having information of : Parallel edges

Recurrence relation, solve the following relation by recursive method: T(n...

solve the following relation by recursive method: T(n)=2T(n^1/2)+log n

Flow chart, that will determine the volume of the sphere or the volume of c...

that will determine the volume of the sphere or the volume of cone or volume of pyramid depending on the choice of the user

Abstract data types, Abstract Data Types :- A useful tool for specifying th...

Abstract Data Types :- A useful tool for specifying the logical properties of a data type is the abstract data type or ADT. The term "abstract data type" refers to the basic mathem

A linear list of elements in which deletion can be done, A linear list of e...

A linear list of elements in which deletion can be done from one end (front) and insertion can take place only at the other end (rear) is called as a   Queue.

Parallel implementation of the raytracer, You are supposed to do the follow...

You are supposed to do the following: Write a parallel implementation of the raytracer using pthreads. Measure and compare the execution times for (i) the sequential ver

Program, insertion and deletion in a tree

insertion and deletion in a tree

Sequential files, In this section, we will discuss about Sequential file or...

In this section, we will discuss about Sequential file organization. Sequential files have data records stored in a particular sequence. A sequentially organized file might be stor

Java code and algorythem, Suppose that you want to develop a program that a...

Suppose that you want to develop a program that accepts a postfix expression and asks values for variables in the expression. Then you need to calculate the answer for the expressi

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd