Already have an account? Get multiple benefits of using own account!
Login in your account..!
Remember me
Don't have an account? Create your account in less than a minutes,
Forgot password? how can I recover my password now!
Enter right registered email to receive password!
Structural Variations in Vertebrate Kidney
The structure of the vertebrate kidney is by no means universal. The mammalian kidney consists of an outer granular cortex and an inner striated medulla. The granular appearance of the cortex is due to the presence of glomeruli in this region. Medulla looks striated due to the parallel arrangement of blood vessels and tubules of the nephrons. In fishes, amphibians and reptiles, the renal tubules are short, are devoid of Henle's loop and there is no clear cut distinction between cortex and medulla. In birds there is some degree of spatial organisation of the nephrons so that a small central medulla can be discerned from the outer cortex. This division into cortical and medullary regions is most pronounced in the mammalian kidney.
It is the presence of Henle's loop that enables the avian and mammalian kidney to produce hyperosmotic urine. The ureteral urine in other vertebrates is either hypoosmotic or at best isosomotic to blood. However, terrestrial reptiles and birds produce a semi-solid or solid urine due to reabsorption of water in the cloaca. In birds and mammals, the ureteral urine itself is hyperosmotic to blood. The maximum urine osmolarity attained by the avian kidney is only about twice that of plasma. The urine concentrating ability of the kidney in mammals is related to the habitat. Desert animals produce highly concentrated urine and freshwater animals produce very dilute urine. The kidneys of some desert mammals can produce a urine which is 25 times more concentrated than the plasma. The beaver which has access to abundant water in the environment, on the other hand, has kidneys with only moderate ability to concentrate the urine.
Colibacillosis of poultry Colibacillosis is an important disease among poultry, especially among broiler chicks aged 6-9 weeks and less frequently of young chicks during first
Q. What are the mitochondria? What is the fundamental morphology of these organelles and in which cells can they be found? Mitochondria are the organelles in which the most sig
Auxins The history of discovery of auxin is a fascinating chapter in plant physiology. The hormone auxin was discovered first, through some elegant experiments by Charles Darw
Q. What are few mechanisms by which pathogenic bacteria cause diseases? And why is this knowledge important? Pathogenic bacteria have characteristics called as virulence factor
Explain Particle Movement ? Particle Movement : Particles are moved down a concentration gradient by the process of diffusion. Osmosis is simply the diffusion of water acr
The measurement of blood sugar is of prime importance in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with diabetes. You can refer sub-section 1.5.2 of Unit 1 to review about Glucose T
Question 1: Describe the need for Harmonization in clinical trials? Brief on the Revised ICH terms of reference and explain the structure of ICH? Need for Harmonization i
Explain the Toxicity of Vitamin D? The adverse effects of high vitamin D intakes include hypercalciuria (excessive urinary calcium excretion) and hypercalcaemia (high concentr
PHYSIOLOG Y OF RESPIRATION - 1 . EXCHANGE OF GASES - It is Haemotasis. It takes place in Alveoli between alveolar air and arterial cappilary by diffusion i.e., f
Membrane is any delicate sheet that divides one region from other blocking or permitting (selectively or completely) the passage of substances. The skin, for example, can be consid
Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!
whatsapp: +91-977-207-8620
Phone: +91-977-207-8620
Email: [email protected]
All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd