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SQL Pseudocolumns
The PL/SQL recognizes the following SQL pseudocolumns, that returns the specific data items: LEVEL, NEXTVAL, CURRVAL, ROWID, & ROWNUM. The Pseudocolumns are not actual columns in a table but they behave as columns. For illustration, you can select values from a pseudocolumn. Though, you cannot insert into, update, or delete from a pseudocolumn. The pseudocolumns are also allowed in the SQL statements, but not in the procedural statements.
Records Records are the items of the type RECORD. The Records have exclusively named fields that can store the data values of various types. And hence, a record treat associate
What Is a Record ? A record is a group of related data items that stored in the fields, each with its own name and datatype. Assume that you have different data about an em
SQL Operators The PL/SQL uses all the SQL set, comparison, and row operators in the SQL statements. This part briefly describes some of these operators. 1. Comparison Opera
Using the BULK COLLECT Clause The keywords BULK COLLECT specify the SQL engine to bulk-bind output collections before returning them to the PL/SQL engine. You can use these ke
Raise_application_error - procedure of package DBMS_STANDARD , allows to issue an user_defined error messages by stored sub-program or database trigger.
UTL_FILE: The Package UTL_FILE permits your PL/SQL programs to read & write operating system (OS) text files. It gives a restricted version of the standard OS stream file I/O,
Task 2 [12 marks] Write the package body for the following package specification (the detailed description of each function and procedure is provided in the appendix below). Place
Using DEFAULT You can use the keyword DEFAULT rather than that of the assignment operator to initialize the variables. For e.g. the declaration blood_type CHAR := ’O’; it can b
OPEN-FOR Statement The OPEN-FOR statements execute the multi-row query related with a cursor variable. It also allocates the resources used by the Oracle to process the query a
Example of WHEN or THEN Constraints A concrete example showing how SQL supports WHEN/THEN constraints CREATE TABLE SAL_HISTORY (EmpNo CHAR (6), Salary INTEGER NOT NULL,
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