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SQL Pseudocolumns
The PL/SQL recognizes the following SQL pseudocolumns, that returns the specific data items: LEVEL, NEXTVAL, CURRVAL, ROWID, & ROWNUM. The Pseudocolumns are not actual columns in a table but they behave as columns. For illustration, you can select values from a pseudocolumn. Though, you cannot insert into, update, or delete from a pseudocolumn. The pseudocolumns are also allowed in the SQL statements, but not in the procedural statements.
Quantification in SQL To quantify something, as the theory book has it, is to state its quantity, to say how many of it there are. For example, in Tutorial D the expression CO
DELETE Command - SQL Loosely speaking, DELETE removes some existing rows from its target table. Suppose the university decides that course C3 is to be withdrawn. Example shows
LIKE Operator You use the LIKE operator to compare the character value to a pattern. The Case is significant. LIKE returns the Boolean value TRUE when the character patterns mat
Write an anonymous block that contains a PL/SQL procedure. The procedure takes two input parameter: oldZip and newZip, and it updates the zipcodes table by replacing all oldZip wit
Avoid the NOT NULL Constraint In the PL/SQL, using the NOT NULL constraint incur a performance cost. Consider the illustration as shown below: PROCEDURE calc_m IS m NUMB
If two relations R and S are joined, then the non matching tuples of both R and S are ignored in __________________.
Controlling Autonomous Transactions The first SQL statement in an autonomous routine starts a transaction. Whenever one transaction ends, the next SQL statement starts the oth
Example of Shorthand for a row constraint Example: Shorthand for a row constraint ALTER TABLE EXAM_MARK ADD CONSTRAINT Mark_in_range CHECK (Mark BETWEEN 0 AND 100);
Procedures The procedure is a subprogram which performs a specific action. You write procedures using the syntax as shown below: PROCEDURE name [(parameter[, parameter, .
Using NOT NULL Besides assigning an initial value, the declarations can impose the NOT NULL constraint, as the example below shows: acct_id INTEGER(4) NOT NULL := 9999; You ca
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