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SQL Pseudocolumns
The PL/SQL recognizes the following SQL pseudocolumns, that returns the specific data items: LEVEL, NEXTVAL, CURRVAL, ROWID, & ROWNUM. The Pseudocolumns are not actual columns in a table but they behave as columns. For illustration, you can select values from a pseudocolumn. Though, you cannot insert into, update, or delete from a pseudocolumn. The pseudocolumns are also allowed in the SQL statements, but not in the procedural statements.
Effects of NULL in Table Literal When a VALUES expression appears as the source value for an SQL INSERT statement, the key word NULL can appear as a field value, such that for
Write SQL queries to solve the following specifications. Include the query AND THE OUTPUT. A screen dump of the output is acceptable. Show as many rows as you can. A screen dump i
Avoid the NOT NULL Constraint In the PL/SQL, using the NOT NULL constraint incur a performance cost. Consider the illustration as shown below: PROCEDURE calc_m IS m NUMB
Example of Foreign Key Constraint Example: Alternative formulation for 6.3 as a foreign key constraint ALTER TABLE EXAM_MARK ADD CONSTRAINT Must_be_enrolled_to_take_exam
Using Subqueries A subquery is a query (typically enclosed by parentheses) that appears within another SQL data manipulation statement. If evaluated, the subquery gives a va
Demonstrate your knowledge of PL/SQL programming by writing and thoroughly testing triggers and stored procedures associated with an e-commerce application that provides security l
%ROWCOUNT The %ROWCOUNT yields the number of rows affected by the INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement, or returned by a SELECT INTO statement. The %ROWCOUNT yields zero when a
JOIN and AND in SQL In this Section is all about one operator, JOIN. SQL's closest counterpart, NATURAL JOIN, has already been covered. Here we look at several other "join" op
Overloading The PL/SQL overloads the subprogram names. That is, you can use similar name for few different subprograms as long as their formal parameters differ in the number
Procedures The procedure is a subprogram which performs a specific action. You write procedures using the syntax as shown below: PROCEDURE name [(parameter[, parameter, .
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