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SQL Is a Database Language:
The commands given to a DBMS by an application are written in the database language of the DBMS. The term data sublanguage is sometimes used instead of database language. The sub- prefix refers to the fact that application programs are sometimes written in some more general-purpose programming language (the "host" language), in which the database language commands are embedded in some prescribed style. Sometimes the embedding style is such that the embedded statements are unrecognized by the host language compiler or interpreter, and some special preprocessor is used to replace the embedded statements by, for example, CALL statements in the host language.Those remarks apply to SQL, as does the remainder of that section. Moreover, Part 10 of the international standard for SQL defines classes for use in object-oriented languages, in particular, Java, thus allowing method invocations to be used in place of old-fashioned CALL statements.
Bulk Fetching The illustration below shows that you can bulk-fetch from a cursor into one or more collections: DECLARE TYPE NameTab IS TABLE OF emp.ename%TYPE; TYPE S
Example of Foreign Key Constraint Example: Alternative formulation for 6.3 as a foreign key constraint ALTER TABLE EXAM_MARK ADD CONSTRAINT Must_be_enrolled_to_take_exam
Effects of NULL for Table Expression Here's an important distinction between expressions denoting tables and expressions denoting multisets of rows: a table expression cannot
Implicit Rollbacks Before execute the INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement, the Oracle marks an implicit savepoint . When the statement fails, the Oracle rolls back to the save
Using a Join on 2 tables, select all columns and all rows from the tables without the use of a Cartesian product. Query: SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE1 JOIN CONTRACT ON EMPLOYEE
Parameter Modes: You do not require to specify a parameter mode for the input bind arguments (those used, for illustration, in the WHERE clause) as the mode defaults to IN. Th
Procedures The procedure is a subprogram which performs a specific action. You write procedures using the syntax as shown below: PROCEDURE name [(parameter[, parameter, .
%ISOPEN The %ISOPEN yields TRUE if its cursor or cursor variable is open; or else, the %ISOPEN yields FALSE. In the illustration, you use the %ISOPEN to select an action:
Using TRIM This process has two forms. The TRIM removes an element from the end of the collection. The TRIM(n) removes the n elements from the end of the collection. For e.g.
Declaring a Cursor The Forward references are not allowed in the PL/SQL. Therefore, you must declare a cursor before referencing it in other statements. Whenever you declare a
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