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SQL Is a Database Language:
The commands given to a DBMS by an application are written in the database language of the DBMS. The term data sublanguage is sometimes used instead of database language. The sub- prefix refers to the fact that application programs are sometimes written in some more general-purpose programming language (the "host" language), in which the database language commands are embedded in some prescribed style. Sometimes the embedding style is such that the embedded statements are unrecognized by the host language compiler or interpreter, and some special preprocessor is used to replace the embedded statements by, for example, CALL statements in the host language.Those remarks apply to SQL, as does the remainder of that section. Moreover, Part 10 of the international standard for SQL defines classes for use in object-oriented languages, in particular, Java, thus allowing method invocations to be used in place of old-fashioned CALL statements.
Transaction Visibility As the figure shows, the changes made by an autonomous transaction become visible to another transaction whenever the autonomous transaction commits. Th
Procedures The procedure is a subprogram which can take parameters and be invoked. Normally, you can use a procedure to perform an action. The procedure has 2 sections: the spe
Updating Objects: To change the attributes of objects in an object table, you can use the UPDATE statement, as the illustration below shows: BEGIN UPDATE persons p SET p
Question: Consider the following relations (primary keys are underlined): AUTHOR (ANo, aname, address, speciality) PUBLISHER (PNo, pname, Location) BOOK (BNo, Title, ISBN,
Interesting properties of CROSS JOIN - SQL Compare these with the "interesting properties of JOIN", CROSS JOIN is associative but not commutative. Unlike JOIN and NATURAL JOI
V ariables and Constants in PL/SQL The PL/SQL permits you to declare constants and variables, and then use them in SQL and procedural statements anywhere in the expression. Th
Defining and Declaring Records To create records, you have to define a RECORD type, and then declare records of that type. You may also define RECORD types in the declarative
Using ROLLBACK The ROLLBACK statements end the present transaction and undo any change made during the transaction. The Rolling back is helpful for two reasons. Firstly, if yo
SELECT a.child_fname,a.child_lname,concat(b.parent_title,b.parent_fname), b.parent_lname,b.parent_tphone FROM child a,parent b WHERE a.parent_id=b.parent_id ORDER BY a.child_fnam
Pl/sql Conditional Control: IF statements Frequently, it is necessary to take the alternative actions depending on the circumstances. The IF statement execute a series of statem
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