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SQL Is a Database Language:
The commands given to a DBMS by an application are written in the database language of the DBMS. The term data sublanguage is sometimes used instead of database language. The sub- prefix refers to the fact that application programs are sometimes written in some more general-purpose programming language (the "host" language), in which the database language commands are embedded in some prescribed style. Sometimes the embedding style is such that the embedded statements are unrecognized by the host language compiler or interpreter, and some special preprocessor is used to replace the embedded statements by, for example, CALL statements in the host language.Those remarks apply to SQL, as does the remainder of that section. Moreover, Part 10 of the international standard for SQL defines classes for use in object-oriented languages, in particular, Java, thus allowing method invocations to be used in place of old-fashioned CALL statements.
Logical Operators The logical operators AND, NOT, and OR follow the tri-state logic shown in table below. The AND and OR are binary operators; NOT is a unary operator.
Iterative Control: LOOP Statements The LOOP statement executes a series of statements multiple times. There are 3 forms of LOOP statements: LOOP, WHILE-LOOP, & FOR-LOOP. LOOP
Benefit of the dynamic SQL: This part shows you how to take full benefit of the dynamic SQL and how to keep away from some of the common pitfalls. Passing the Names of Sc
Question 1 . Compare SQL and PL/SQL Question 2 . Write a database trigger to implement the following check condition Given the following table
Pass the nulls to a dynamic SQL: Passing Nulls: Assume that you want to pass the nulls to a dynamic SQL statement. For illustration, you may write the EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
Autonomous versus Nested Transactions Though an autonomous transaction is started by the other transaction, it is not a nested transaction for the reasons shown below: (i)
Effects of NULL for Table Expression Here's an important distinction between expressions denoting tables and expressions denoting multisets of rows: a table expression cannot
Opening a Cursor Variable The OPEN-FOR statement relates a cursor variable with the multi-row query, executes the query, and then identifies the result set. The syntax for ope
SQL outer join SELECT * FROM IS_CALLED NATURAL LEFT JOIN IS_ENROLLED_ON Note that adding LEFT to an invocation of CROSS JOIN has no effect unless the right-hand operand
Advantages of Packages The benefits of the Packages are as shown below: Modularity The Packages encapsulate logically associated items, types, and subprograms in the
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