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Sodium iodide crystal (NaI)
It scintillate with good efficiency when gamma ray is absorbed, these crystals where attached directly to the PTM to detect a weak flashes of light .They where improved by adding a trace amounts of thallium(Tl)and often referred as NaI(Tl) detector. It is the most widely used detector in medicine .A nuclear medicine scintillation detector system
1-Scince the NaI(Tl)detector is very sensitive ,it has to be well shielded from background radiation .2- five or more cm of lead surrounding the NaI(Tl)crystal except at the collimator .3-The electron emitted at the photocathode of PTM produce an electrical pulse at the output .4-this pulse is electronically amplified at the amplifier. 5-The pulse can be directly counted by the scalar.6-The pulse pass to the single channel pulse height analyzer(PHA) to determine the energy of the gamma raysIt contain an upper discriminator (it rejects the pulses larger than a chosen size)
lower discriminator ( reject the pulses smaller than a chosen size)
window(it is the energy difference between the upper and lower limits )
Multi Chanel analyzer (MCA): it determine the pulse height distribution of all the pulses from the detector ,so it sorts the pulses according to the size.
Disadvantages of D.C. Transmission of power 1. Electric power cannot be produced at high d.c. voltages because of commutation problem. 2. The d.c. voltage cannot be stepped
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Get an expression relating T and V in an adiabatic reversible expansion of a gas obeying the equation of state PV = nRT.
Show the types of chromatic aberration. What do you understand by Fraunhoffer lines? Explain their origin.
Light with a wavelength of 454.5 nm passes by two slits that are 95.2 cm from a screen. The distance among the centers of the central band and the first-order band is 15.2 mm.
Illustrates the formula of Rayleigh-jeans law? RAYLEIGH-JEANS LAW The energy distribution into the thermal spectrum is specified by given formula as follows: E λ = 8Πk
a pendulum is timed ,first for 20 swings and then for 50 swings ; time for 20 swings = 17.4 sec and time for 50 sec = 43.2. calculate the average time per swing/
What are the demerits of the typical ultrasonic flaw detector? Demerits of a typical ultrasonic flaw detector: a. Both the sides of the specimen are needed for the study.
Find the minimum angle at which a roadbed should be banked Determine the minimum angle at which a roadbed should be banked so that a car traveling at 20.0 m/s can safely negotia
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