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Quantization Error
Sampling followed by quantization is equivalent to quantization followed by sampling. Figure illustrates a message signal f (t) and its quantized version denoted by fq(t). The difference between fq(t) and f (t) is known as the quantization error εq(t),
εq (t) = fq (t) - f(t)
Theoretically, fq(t) can be recovered in the receiver without error. The recovery of fq(t) can be viewed as the recovery of f (t) with an error (or noise) εq(t) present. For a small δv with a large number of levels, it can be shown that the mean-squared value of εq(t) is given by
When a digital communication system transmits an analog signal processed by a uniform quantizer, the best SNR that can be attained is given by
where S0 and Nq represent the average powers in f (t) and εq(t), respectively. When f (t) fluctuates symmetrically between equal magnitude extremes, i.e., -|f(t)|max ≤ f(t) ≤ |f(t)|max, choosing a sufficiently large number of levels L, the step size δv comes out as
It can be seen that messages with large crest factors will lead to poor performance.
Flex Routing : You can see that your labour will have been in vain unless you take steps to ensure that flexes are routed safely and well clear of possible sources of danger.
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