Shock, Biology

Assignment Help:

Shock

It is defined as a generalized acute reduction in the perfusion of tissues by which there is oxygen deficiency in the cells. It is characterized by reduction in effective circulating volume and reduction in arterial blood pressure.

Etiology: Shocks are classified into 6 types, viz. hypovolemic, cardiogenic, vasogenic, endotoxic, neurogenic, anaphylactic. Hypovolemic shock occurs when there is severe haemorrhage, plasma or fluid loss due to burns, intestinal obstruction, vomiting, diarrhoea, diuresis and pancreatitis. Cardiogenic shock is seen in myocardial infarction, coronary block, cardiac arrest, congestive heart failure, acute heart failure and ventricular fibrillation. Vasogenic shock occurs owing to severe trauma, burn, intestinal rupture and prolapse of uterus, where there is loss of effective blood volume. Endotoxic shock takes place owing to various septicemic conditions parti­cularly caused by Gram -ve organisms, at times by Gram + organisms. Absorption of toxins from intestine and mammary gland may also result in endotoxic or septic shock.Neurogenic shock is due to pain or depression of central nervous system. Anaphylactic shock occurs owing to antigen and antibody combination in abnormal way releasing histamine or histamine like substances leading to dilation of the vessels and reduction in effective blood volume.

Clinical signs: There is tachycardia, diminished heart sounds, muscular weakness and cold extremities. Mucous membranes are pale or slightly cyanotic. Pulse is weak and animal is in recumbency or coma.

Diagnosis: There is decrease in blood pH. Eosinophil count is increased due to adrenocortical dysfunction. Haemoconcentration may be present or absent. Plasma protein may or may not be decreased. BUN and creatinine levels are high. The ECG findings include prolongation of QRS interval and peaked T wave or inversion of T wave indicating myocardial ischemia as well as hyperkalemia.

Treatment: Blood volume can be restored by administration of blood, plasma expanders or isotonic fluid (saline solution, ringer's solution) depending upon the cause of the problem to prevent anoxia and tissue damage. Corrective measures should be taken to treat haemorrhage, sepsis or cardiac failure. Glucocorticoids should be administered as early as possible. Antibiotics, vasodilators, anti-inflammatory drugs, digitoxin and calcium therapy should be instituted depending on the cause of the shock. Animal should have access to sufficient fresh air.


Related Discussions:- Shock

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr), Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis ...

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) The disease is caused by a Bovine Herpesvirus -I belonging to the family Herpesviridae and subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae. It is a DNA vir

Define the protective of vitamin c role as an antioxidant, Define the Prote...

Define the Protective of Vitamin C role as an antioxidant? Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant because it can donate a hydrogen atom and form a relatively stable ascorbyl free

Explain the expanding frontiers of nutrition, Explain the Expanding Frontie...

Explain the Expanding Frontiers of Nutrition? While the essential nutrients mentioned in Table are indispensable and our diets need to provide them all in adequate quantities,

Describe the working of golgi bodies, Define in brief about the Golgi bodie...

Define in brief about the Golgi bodies In a cell is achieved in a remarkable fashion by the Golgi bodies. The latter receive the newly synthesised proteins from the rough endop

World conservation strategy proposes various steps , WORL D CONSERVATION S...

WORL D CONSERVATION STRATEGY PROPOSES THE FOLLOWING STEPS - 1.       Preservation of critical habitats. 2.       Protection of wild life in situ (in natural habitats) as we

Develop questions which will facilitate effective research, Theories are im...

Theories are import because they can be used to a. Test research hypothesis b. Develop questions which will facilitate more effective research c. Conduct more meaningful and useful

How to investigate aortic stenosis by exercise testing, Q. How to investiga...

Q. How to investigate aortic stenosis by Exercise Testing? Exercise testing is relatively contraindicated in patients with aortic stenosis. Its diagnostic accuracy to pick up a

Explain the application of the principles listed, Observe several individua...

Observe several individuals as they run. look for the application of the principles listed. Which are violated and how. The application of the principles The law of inertia

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd