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Semidifference via EXCEPT and JOIN - SQL
SELECT *
FROM (SELECT StudentId
FROM IS_CALLED
WHERE Name = 'Devinder'
EXCEPT DISTINCT CORRESPONDING
SELECT StudentId
FROM IS_ENROLLED_ON
WHERE CourseId = 'C1') AS T1
NATURAL JOIN IS_CALLED
The NOT IN expression above appears to be testing for the appearance of a character string in a table, but in fact the first operand in this context is short for ROW(StudentId)
Left and Right Joins LEFT OUTER JOIN can be used when you want to retrieve the data from the main table (table1) even if there is no match in other tables (table_2, table_3...
Transaction context As the figure shows, the major transaction shares its context with the nested transactions, but not with the autonomous transactions. Similarly, If one aut
Main features of PL/SQL A good way to get familiar with PL/SQL is to look at a sample program. The below program processes an order for tennis rackets. At first, it declares a
Using the BULK COLLECT Clause The keywords BULK COLLECT specify the SQL engine to bulk-bind output collections before returning them to the PL/SQL engine. You can use these ke
Keyword and Parameter Description: label_name: This is an undeclared identifier which optionally labels the PL/SQL block. When used, label_name should be enclosed by the do
Declaring Cursor Variables Once a REF CURSOR type is define by you, and then you can declare the cursor variables of that type in any PL/SQL block or subprogram. In the exampl
Using Aliases The Select-list items fetched from a cursor related with the %ROWTYPE should have simple names or, if they are expressions, should have aliases. In the example bel
Dynamic Ranges The PL/SQL lets you determine the loop range dynamically at run time, as the example below shows: SELECT COUNT(empno) INTO emp_count FROM emp; FOR i IN 1..emp_cou
How Calls Are Resolved? The figure shows that how the PL/SQL compiler resolves the subprogram calls. When the compiler encounters the procedure or function call, it tries to di
Functions The function is a subprogram which can take parameters and be invoked. Normally, you can use a function to calculate a value. The function has 2 sections: the specifi
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