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Semidifference and NOT - SQL
In this section first describe the relational difference operator, named MINUS. Example here shows SQL's closest counterpart of that operator.
Example: Difference in SQL
SELECT StudentId
FROM IS_CALLED
WHERE Name = 'Devinder'
EXCEPT DISTINCT CORRESPONDING
FROM IS_ENROLLED_ON
WHERE CourseId = 'C1'
The syntax for EXCEPT exactly parallels that for UNION. The key words DISTINCT, ALL, and CORRESPONDING have exactly the same significance as in UNION, and DISTINCT remains the default option. When CORRESPONDING is not given, columns are paired by ordinal position, as in UNION.
Exception handling In the PL/SQL, a warning or error condition is known as an exception. The Exceptions can be internally defined (by the run-time system) or user defined. The
GOTO Statement The GOTO statement branches categorically to a block label or statement label. The label should be exclusive within its scope and should precede a PL/SQL bloc
Data Types in SQL - XML, Array, Row BINARY LARGE OBJECT for arbitrarily large bit strings. XML for XML documents and fragments. ARRAY types for arrays.
Anatomy of a Table: Figure shows the terminology used in SQL to refer to parts of the structure of a table. As you can see, SQL has no official terms for its counterpa
Use Bulk Binds If SQL statements execute inside a loop using the collection elements as bind variables, context switching between the PL/SQL & SQL engines can slow down the ex
Package STANDARD package named STANDARD defines the PL/SQL atmosphere. The package specification globally declares the exceptions, types, and subprograms that are available a
IN Operator The operator IN tests the set membership. This means "equal to any member of." The set may have nulls, but they are ignored. For illustration, the statement below do
Query: SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE1; Select 5 columns and all rows from one table Query: SELECT C_ID, COMPANY, BUILDING, DEPARTMENT, BRANCH FROM CONTRACT;
Providing Results of Queries Expressing queries in SQL is the (big) subject. Here I present just a simple example to give you the flavour of things to come in those chapters.
SQL Cursor The Oracle implicitly opens a cursor to process each SQL statement not related with an explicit cursor. The PL/SQL refers to the most current implicit cursor as t
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