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Semidifference and NOT - SQL
In this section first describe the relational difference operator, named MINUS. Example here shows SQL's closest counterpart of that operator.
Example: Difference in SQL
SELECT StudentId
FROM IS_CALLED
WHERE Name = 'Devinder'
EXCEPT DISTINCT CORRESPONDING
FROM IS_ENROLLED_ON
WHERE CourseId = 'C1'
The syntax for EXCEPT exactly parallels that for UNION. The key words DISTINCT, ALL, and CORRESPONDING have exactly the same significance as in UNION, and DISTINCT remains the default option. When CORRESPONDING is not given, columns are paired by ordinal position, as in UNION.
Parameter Modes To define the behavior of formal parameters you use the parameter modes. The 3 parameter modes, IN, OUT, & IN OUT, can be used with any subprogram. Though, a
Set Operators The Set operators combine the results of the two queries into one result. The INTERSECT returns all the distinct rows selected by both queries. The MINUS returns
Parameter and Keyword Description: cursor_variable_name: This identifies a cursor variable or the parameter formerly declared within the present scope. host_cursor_va
Parameter Modes: You do not require to specify a parameter mode for the input bind arguments (those used, for illustration, in the WHERE clause) as the mode defaults to IN. Th
Remote Operations: As the illustration shows below, the PL/SQL subprograms can execute the dynamic SQL statements which refer to the objects on a remote database: PROCEDURE
Consider the schema for FreeChecking Bank, that we designed given below. Translate the given ER schema into SQL CREATE TABLE statements (indicating primary key, unique and foreign
Control Structures The Control structures are the most important PL/SQL extension to the SQL. Not only does PL/SQL let you manipulate Oracle data, it lets you process the data
Operators on Tables and Rows Row Extraction TUPLE FROM r, SQL has row subqueries. These are just like scalar subqueries except that they may specify more than one column.
Data Types in SQL - Interval, Boolean INTERVAL for values denoting, not intervals (!) but durations in time, such as 5 years, 3 days, 2 minutes, and so on. BOOLEAN, con
Multiset types - SQL An SQL multiset is what in mathematics is also known as a bag-something like a set except that the same element can appear more than once. The body of an
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