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Semidifference and NOT - SQL
In this section first describe the relational difference operator, named MINUS. Example here shows SQL's closest counterpart of that operator.
Example: Difference in SQL
SELECT StudentId
FROM IS_CALLED
WHERE Name = 'Devinder'
EXCEPT DISTINCT CORRESPONDING
FROM IS_ENROLLED_ON
WHERE CourseId = 'C1'
The syntax for EXCEPT exactly parallels that for UNION. The key words DISTINCT, ALL, and CORRESPONDING have exactly the same significance as in UNION, and DISTINCT remains the default option. When CORRESPONDING is not given, columns are paired by ordinal position, as in UNION.
Initializing Objects: Till you initialize an object by calling the constructor for its object type, the object is automatically null. That is, the object itself is null, not me
Data Types in SQL SQL's concept does not differ significantly from that defined in the theory book, apart from that business concerning NULL. However, the theory book equates
SQL Cursor The Oracle implicitly opens a cursor to process each SQL statement not related with an explicit cursor. The PL/SQL refers to the most current implicit cursor as t
Example of Check Constraints Example: Workaround for when subqueries not permitted in CHECK constraints CREATE FUNCTION NO_MORE_THAN_20000_ENROLMENTS ( ) RETURNS BOOLEAN
SQL Operators The PL/SQL uses all the SQL set, comparison, and row operators in the SQL statements. This part briefly describes some of these operators. 1. Comparison Opera
Using EXTEND To enlarge the size of a collection, use EXTEND. This process has 3 forms. The EXTEND appends one null element to a collection. And the EXTEND(n) appends n null e
Extension and AND in SQL The theory book gives the following simple example of relational extension in Tutorial D: EXTEND IS_CALLED ADD ( FirstLetter ( Name ) AS Initial )
Question: Consider the following relations (primary keys are underlined): AUTHOR (ANo, aname, address, speciality) PUBLISHER (PNo, pname, Location) BOOK (BNo, Title, ISBN,
ROWNUM The ROWNUM returns a number representing the order in which a row was selected from the table. The first row selected has a ROWNUM of 1; the second row has a ROWNUM of
Parameter and Keyword Description: package_name: This construct identifies the package. AUTHID Clause: This determine whether all the packaged subprograms impleme
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