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Semiconductor Devices and their Uses:
If a junction is formed between a p-type and an n-type'semiconductor, the device called a p- n junction diode acquires a peculiar pppeny. It conducts current only in one direction! Hence, it is usedto convert alternating current (a.c.),into direct current (44 The device acts as an open circuit in Fig. It acts as ag open circiit Fig. And since it is a non-mechanical switch, it acts very fast.
More complicated devices using n-p-n or p-n-p combinations of semiconductor mat6rial are called transistors. They have even more interesting properties. They can be so connected to batteries that a small variation of current on one side, can lead to a large variation on the other side. In technical jargon, the transistor can 'amplify' small signals. Transistors can also be connected to other electrical components (resistors, capacitors etc.) to produce a.c. of high frequency.
Semiconductor devices are extremely small in size. Their properties can be controlled at will. This may be done by changing the amount of doping or by introducing more sections of p-type or n-type semiconductors on the same crystal. A large number of new semiconductor devices have been made in this way. Further, by suitable methods, they can be produced in a large chain or according to a desired pattern'on a non-conducting surface called a chip. When a large number of semiconductor devices are produced on a single chipto perform specific functions, the resulting device is called an integrated circuit (IC). Because of their small size and their sturdiness, and because they consume almost no energy, these devices hive become very popular as components in TV sets, computers and many kinds of instruments used for communication and control.
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The Maximum theoretical limit of channel is governed by Nyquist theorem, which says Bth = 2 x freq in hertz x log2L ( where L = number of level) Thus we have in this case Bth= 2x60
compare water stills and deionizer
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