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But how can we carry out fragmentation? Fragmentation may be carried out as per the following rules:
a) Completeness: This rule makes sure that there is no loss of data while fragmentation. If a relation is decomposed into fragments, then every data item must appear in at least single fragment.
b) Reconstruction: This rule makes sure preservation of functional dependencies. It should be possible to describe a relational operation that will reconstruct the relation from its fragments.
c) Disjointness: A data item that shows in a fragment should not show in any other fragment. Though, a typical fragmentation known as vertical fragmentation is an exception to this rule. In vertical fragmentation the primary key attributes must be repeated to permit reconstruction of original relation.
This rule makes sure minimization of data redundancy. What are the dissimilar types of fragmentation?
What is called a query -execution engine? The query implementation engine takes a query evaluation plan, implements that plan, and returns the answers to the query.
Mention the various user privileges All privileges directly granted to the user or role. All privileges granted to roles that have been granted to the user or role.
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What are the disadvantages of relational approach? Disadvantages of relational approach: • Substantial hardware and system software overhead • May not fit all business models •
The primary key is selected from the
Synonyms It allows short names or alternative names for objects. Example : CREATE SYNONYM D30 FOR EMPD30; Now if we give command:
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