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RICS/CISC Architecture
An essential aspect of computer architecture is the design of the instruction set for the processor. The instruction set selected for a specific computer determine the way that machine language programs are constructed. Early computers had simple and small instruction sets, forced basically by the have to minimize the hardware used to implement them. With the advent of integrated circuits as digital hardware became cheaper and computer instructions tend to increase both in complexity and number. Many computers contain instruction sets that include more than hundred and sometimes even more than 200 instructions. These computers also employ a variety of data types and a large number of addressing modes. The trend for computer hardware complexity was influenced by several factors, such as upgrading existing models to provide more customer applications, adding instructions that facilitate the translation from high-level language into machine language programs and striving to develop machines that move functions from implementation of software into hardware . A computer with number of instructions is classified as a Complex Instruction Set Computer and abbreviated CISC.
In the early 1980s, a number of computer designers recommended that computers use fewer instructions with easy constructs so they may be executed much faster within the CPU without having to use memory as frequently. This type of computer is classified as a Reduced Instruction Set Computer or RISC.
Interrupt System Based on Single 8259 A The 8259A is contained in a 28-pin dual-in-line package that need only a + 5-V supply voltage. Its organization is shown in given figur
RCR: Rotate Right through Carry:- This instruction rotates the contents bit-wise of the destination operand right by the specified count through carry flag (CF). For each operati
DEC: Decrement :- The decrement instruction subtracts 1 from the contents of the particular memory location or register. All the conditions code flags except carry flag are affec
You have to write a subroutine (assembly language code using NASM) for the following equation.
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which uses BIOS interrupt INT 21 to read current system time and displays it on the top-left corner of screen.
Pin diagram of 8088 : The pin diagram of 8088 is shown in given figure. Most of the 8088 pins and their functions are exactly similar to the corresponding pins of 8086. Hence
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Typical link to modems for synchronous and asynchronous transmissions are shown in Figure. With regard to the synchronous connections it is consider that the timing is controlled
what will be the value of EAX after following instructions execute? mov bx, 0FFFFh and bx, 6Bh
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