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Rephrase Conditional Control Statements
When computing a logical expression, the PL/SQL uses short-circuit evaluation. That is, the PL/SQL stops evaluating the expression as soon as the result can be determined. For illustration, in the OR expression below, when the value of sal is less than 1500, the left operand yields TRUE, Therefore PL/SQL need not evaluate the right operand (as OR returns TRUE if either of its operands is true):
IF (sal < 1500) OR (comm IS NULL) THEN
...
END IF;
Now, consider the AND expression shown below:
IF credit_ok(cust_id) AND (loan < 5000) THEN
The Boolean function credit_ok is forever called. Though, if you switch the operands of AND as shown:
IF (loan < 5000) AND credit_ok(cust_id) THEN
The function is called only if the expression loan < 5000 is true (as AND returns TRUE only if both its operands are true). The similar idea applies to the EXIT-WHEN statements.
GOTO Statement The GOTO statement branches to a label unconditionally. The label must be exclusive within its scope and should precede an executable statement or a PL/SQL block.
Control Structures The Control structures are the most important PL/SQL extension to the SQL. Not only does PL/SQL let you manipulate Oracle data, it lets you process the data
Use External Routines The PL/SQL is particular for the SQL transaction processing. Therefore, several tasks are more quickly completed in a lower-level language like C that is
Positional and Named Notation You can write the actual parameters when calling a subprogram, using either positional or named notation. That is, you can point to the relationsh
EXCEPTION_INIT Pragma The pragma EXCEPTION_INIT relates an exception name with an Oracle error number. Which allow you to refer to any internal exception by the name and to wri
SQL Functions The PL/SQL uses all the SQL functions involving the following aggregate functions that summarize the whole columns of the Oracle data: GROUPING, AVG, COUNT, STDDE
Parameter Modes To define the behavior of formal parameters you use the parameter modes. The 3 parameter modes, IN, OUT, & IN OUT, can be used with any subprogram. Though, a
Declaring and Initializing Objects: An object type is once defined and installed in the schema; you can use it to declare the objects in any PL/SQL, subprogram, block or packa
UTL_FILE: The Package UTL_FILE permits your PL/SQL programs to read & write operating system (OS) text files. It gives a restricted version of the standard OS stream file I/O,
Relational Operators The relational operators permit you to compare randomly complex expressions. The list below provides the meaning of each operator:
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