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As heart failure sets in, there is activation of RAS (Fig 2.1). Adrenergic stimulation of beta-1 receptors in juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys results in release of renin. Another mechanism i.e. responsible for renin release is baroreceptor stimulation in renal vascular bed by reduction of renal blood flow.
Angiotensin II that is released is a powerful vasoconstrictor and stimulates the release of aldosterone. It also causes remodeling of cardiac myocytes. Aldosterone retains sodium and has direct effects on myocardium. The result is increased systemic vascular resistance and development of edema. Hence the interruption of this renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Inhibitors) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) has salutary effects as there is reduction in systemic vascular resistance, afterload reduction, mild diuresis and improvement in the cardiac output.
Angiotensin II also has direct role in modifying the structure and function of myocardium.
Giant Nerve Fibres We now know that giant nerve fibres take place in the central nervous system of many polychaetes, oligochaetes, insects cephalopod etc. They are broader an
What evidence is there that makes it seem humans have more than a material existence?
The fact that some pure solutions of hydrocarbons do not readily evaporate at room temperature is a result of Select one: a. London dispersion forces. b. The hydrophobic effe
Double helical structure of dna
Class of Mollusca - Aplacophora Worm-like, no shell, head or excretory organs mantle with chitinous cuticle or scales or spicules mantle cavity posterior. Aplacophorans are a
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Regional Specialisation Regional specialisation takes place usually by three processes – 1) Restriction of certain structures to a few segments, for example, gonads are res
Define the Concept of Health Care? We are aware of the fact that health is a fundamental human right. Thus, it becomes imperative for the State to assume responsibility for the
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