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As heart failure sets in, there is activation of RAS (Fig 2.1). Adrenergic stimulation of beta-1 receptors in juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys results in release of renin. Another mechanism i.e. responsible for renin release is baroreceptor stimulation in renal vascular bed by reduction of renal blood flow.
Angiotensin II that is released is a powerful vasoconstrictor and stimulates the release of aldosterone. It also causes remodeling of cardiac myocytes. Aldosterone retains sodium and has direct effects on myocardium. The result is increased systemic vascular resistance and development of edema. Hence the interruption of this renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Inhibitors) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) has salutary effects as there is reduction in systemic vascular resistance, afterload reduction, mild diuresis and improvement in the cardiac output.
Angiotensin II also has direct role in modifying the structure and function of myocardium.
CRP is a marker of systemic inflammation. As the role of inflammation in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis becomes better understood, CRP has gained prominence as a
Explain the Fistulative surgery - Endodontic Surgery = (Incision and drainage) 1 Cortical trephination 2 Decompression 3
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Q. Medical Therapy for aortic stenosis? Definitive therapy for aortic stenosis is surgical and medical therapy is only palliative. Infective endocarditis and rheumatic fever p
Two diseases
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A 19 year old model for Glamour magazine tripped over an extension cord causing injury to her epidermis. She is afraid the injury will leave a scar. Based on your knowledge of rege
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The presence of advanced plaques of types IV and Va allows clinical symptoms to develop. Atherosclerosis is a biphasic disease; in the first stage, advanced plaques are generated b
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