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As heart failure sets in, there is activation of RAS (Fig 2.1). Adrenergic stimulation of beta-1 receptors in juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys results in release of renin. Another mechanism i.e. responsible for renin release is baroreceptor stimulation in renal vascular bed by reduction of renal blood flow.
Angiotensin II that is released is a powerful vasoconstrictor and stimulates the release of aldosterone. It also causes remodeling of cardiac myocytes. Aldosterone retains sodium and has direct effects on myocardium. The result is increased systemic vascular resistance and development of edema. Hence the interruption of this renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Inhibitors) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) has salutary effects as there is reduction in systemic vascular resistance, afterload reduction, mild diuresis and improvement in the cardiac output.
Angiotensin II also has direct role in modifying the structure and function of myocardium.
Science as a human endeavour: Science is a human endeavour. Human beings, from prehistoric times, attempted to control nature for their own welfare. For this, they had to ob
Stem cell research has been promoted as a future medical cure-all for a host of diseases, including Alzheimer's and diabetes, as well as a potential breakthrough for organ replacem
In 1798, British economist and demographer Thomas Robert Malthus, published his' essay on population' in which he stated that: 1. Population increases in a geometric rat
Sulphur and Boron Boron is extracted with hot water. Sulphur is extracted with 500 ppm solution of P solution (prepared from potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate or monocalcium
a) Lipoproteins are large molecular compounds that are essential to the transport of cholesterol and triglycerides (TGs) within the blood. They contain a lipid core composed of TG
assignment
describe each and every step in nutrition in animals?
WHAT ARE TYPES OF EGG
The gene is a distinct portion of a cell's DNA. Genes are coded instructions for making all the body needs, mainly proteins. Human beings have about 25,000 genes. Researchers have
Q. How does the breathing process correct acidosis? The increment of the respiratory frequency makes the body eliminate more carbon dioxide and to shift the equilibrium of the
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