relational algebra, PL-SQL Programming

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Define basic operators of relational algebra with an example each

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Transaction Visibility As the figure shows, the changes made by an autonomous transaction become visible to another transaction whenever the autonomous transaction commits. Th

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Blocks: The fundamental program unit in the PL/SQL is the block. The PL/SQL block is defined by the keywords BEGIN, DECLARE, EXCEPTION, and END. These keywords partition the b

Level - sql pseudocolumns, LEVEL You use the LEVEL with the SELECT CON...

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LONG and LONG RAW You use the LONG datatype to store the variable-length character strings. The LONG datatype is such as the VARCHAR2 datatype, except that the maximum length o

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How Transactions Guard Your Database The transaction is a sequence of SQL data manipulation statements which does a logical unit of work. The Oracle treats the sequence of SQL

Delete command - sql, DELETE Command - SQL Loosely speaking, DELETE re...

DELETE Command - SQL Loosely speaking, DELETE removes some existing rows from its target table. Suppose the university decides that course C3 is to be withdrawn. Example shows

Managing cursors, Managing Cursors The PL/SQL uses 2 types of cursors: ...

Managing Cursors The PL/SQL uses 2 types of cursors: implicit and explicit. The PL/SQL declares a cursor implicitly for all the SQL data manipulation statements, including th

Rowid - sql pseudocolumns, ROWID The ROWID returns the rowid (binary a...

ROWID The ROWID returns the rowid (binary address) of a row in the database table. You can use the variables of the type UROWID to store rowids in a readable format. In the il

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Example of COALESCE operator Example: Give the total of marks for each exam (simplified solution) SELECT CourseId, COALESCE ((SELECT SUM (Mark) FROM EXAM_MARK AS EM

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