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Relational Algebra is a set of basic operations used to influence the data in relational model. These operations allow the user to specify basic retrieval request. The result of retrieval is a new relation, produced from one or more relations. These operations can be divided in two categories:
• Basic Set Operations
1) UNION
2) SET DIFFERENCE
3) INTERSECTION
4) CARTESIAN PRODUCT
• Relational Operations
1) JOIN
2) PROJECT
3) SELECT
4) DIVISION
Explain the Project-Join normal form A relation R is in PJNF along with respect to a set of functional dependencies D if for all join dependencies of the outline *(R 1 , R 2 ,
Deletion Anomalies: Loss of important Information: In some cases, useful information may be lost when a tuple is deleted. For instance, if we delete the tuple corresponding to stu
You are managing the following database system: • DBMS: Oracle 11g • OS: Sun Solaris • System architecture: Web-based application using ASP.Net • Purpose of Server: HR managem
explain normalisation
What are stand-alone procedures? Procedures that are not part of a package are called as stand-alone because they independently defined. A good example of a stand-alone procedu
Write short notes on tuple relational calculus. The tuple relational calculation is anon procedural query language. It defines the desired information without giving a particul
Lack of standards and experience: The lack of standards has considerably limited the potential of distributed DBMSs. As well, there are no tools or methodologies to help users cha
What is NULL? Simply NULL means not in value.
Problem 1. Write the SQL queries using Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements. Insert values into student table with field names using insert command Display the
How to reduce data redundency
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