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Relational Algebra is a set of basic operations used to influence the data in relational model. These operations allow the user to specify basic retrieval request. The result of retrieval is a new relation, produced from one or more relations. These operations can be divided in two categories:
• Basic Set Operations
1) UNION
2) SET DIFFERENCE
3) INTERSECTION
4) CARTESIAN PRODUCT
• Relational Operations
1) JOIN
2) PROJECT
3) SELECT
4) DIVISION
Explain the structure of well formed formulae in relational calculus. Ans: a. An atom is a formula b. If P1 is a formula, after that so are ¬P1 and (P1) c. If P1 and P2 a
What are domain constraints? A domain is a set of values that might be assigned to an attribute .all values that appear in a column of a relation must be taken fro
Normalization :It is a process of examine the given relation schemas based on their primary key and Functional Dependencies (FDs) to achieve the properties Minimizing redun
Benefits of Sequential File Organisation It is quick and efficient when dealing with huge volumes of data that require being processed periodically (batch system). Dra
An Enterprising group of Entrepreneurs introduced a new business named StoreItRite which is based on data storage and retrieval services. It provides the services and the company c
What are composite objects? Objects that have other objects are known as complex objects or composite objects.
What is De-normalization? De-normalization is the method of attempting to optimize the performance of a database by adding redundant data. It is sometimes essential because cur
Express the ways provided by MySQL for Pattern Matching? MySQL provides two kinds of pattern matching. 1) One is based on SQL patterns 2) Regular expressions.
Describe Dynamic Model. The dynamic model specifies allowable sequences of changes to the objects from an object model. It contains event trace diagrams describing scenarios. A
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