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Relational Algebra is a set of basic operations used to influence the data in relational model. These operations allow the user to specify basic retrieval request. The result of retrieval is a new relation, produced from one or more relations. These operations can be divided in two categories:
• Basic Set Operations
1) UNION
2) SET DIFFERENCE
3) INTERSECTION
4) CARTESIAN PRODUCT
• Relational Operations
1) JOIN
2) PROJECT
3) SELECT
4) DIVISION
Describe the difference between a one-to-many and a many-to-many relationship. Which logical data structures comprise one-to-many and which comprise many-to-many relationship?
By using the delete operation some consisting records can be deleted from a relation. To delete some definite records from the database a condition is also specified based on which
WHERE and HAVING clause in SQL ? The WHERE clause is commonly used for implementing conditions on each tuple of the relation. The HAVING clause is used in combination along wi
Consider the relations: PROJECT(proj#,proj_name,chief_architect) EMPLOYEE(emp#,emp_name) ASSIGNED(proj#,emp#) Use relational algebra to express the subsequent queries: (i) Get
Define multivalued dependency and 4NF. Ans: Multivalued Dependency - Assume R be a relation schema and let α ⊆ R and β ⊆ R. The multivalued dependency α →→β holds o
Events4Fun is an event management company in Europe with branches in South America as well. The company is well-known for its efficiency, good-quality services, and affordable char
Describe the definition of a transaction in SQL Ans: The SQL transaction starts implicitly. Transactions are finished by either Commit work that commits the transaction and st
What is the use of with clause in SQL? The with clause gives a way of defining a temporary view whose explanation is available only to the query in which the with clause occurs
What are aggregate functions? And list the aggregate functions supported by SQL? Aggregate functions are functions that take a collection of values as input and return a one va
Self-Join: In a self join a table is joined with itself. Let consider the following sample partial data of EMP table EMPNO ENAME MGRID
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