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Relational Algebra is a set of basic operations used to influence the data in relational model. These operations allow the user to specify basic retrieval request. The result of retrieval is a new relation, produced from one or more relations. These operations can be divided in two categories:
• Basic Set Operations
1) UNION
2) SET DIFFERENCE
3) INTERSECTION
4) CARTESIAN PRODUCT
• Relational Operations
1) JOIN
2) PROJECT
3) SELECT
4) DIVISION
Hardware failure : Hardware failures are the failures when some disk or hardware chip fails. This may result in loss of data. One such trouble can be that a disk gets damaged and
Lack of standards and experience: The lack of standards has considerably limited the potential of distributed DBMSs. As well, there are no tools or methodologies to help users cha
It defines that no primary key value can be null. This is as the primary key is used to recognize individual tuple in the relation. So we will not be able to recognize the records
In problems 1 - 4, you are given the columns of a table, and a set of functional dependencies. Determine the normal form of this table. Remember that the normal form is the HIGHE
List and also explain the dissimilar stages of DDLC ?
Data Handling and Research Methods: The dataset encompassing 130 participants contains several variables measuring detrimental health related behaviours referring to the use o
What is Cardinality Ratio? Cardinality Ratios - The cardinality ratios for relationship kinds specifies the maximum number of relationship instances in which an entity can pa
Update Operations and Dealing with Constraint Violations There are three basic operations to be executes on relations: Insertion Deletion Update The INSER
What is meant by heuristic optimisation?Discuss the major heuristics that are applied during query optimisation.
Explain group By clause in SQL? Group By clause in SQL: The GROUP BY clause can be used in a SELECT statement to collect data across multiple records and group the results thro
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