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Relational Algebra is a set of basic operations used to influence the data in relational model. These operations allow the user to specify basic retrieval request. The result of retrieval is a new relation, produced from one or more relations. These operations can be divided in two categories:
• Basic Set Operations
1) UNION
2) SET DIFFERENCE
3) INTERSECTION
4) CARTESIAN PRODUCT
• Relational Operations
1) JOIN
2) PROJECT
3) SELECT
4) DIVISION
What is the use of sub queries? A sub query is a select-from-where expression that is nested with in another query. A common use of sub queries is to do tests for set membershi
What is known as sequential file organization? In the sequential file organization, the records are kept in sequential order, according to the value of a "search key" of every
Explain the concepts of relational data model? Relational Data Model - The relational model was first introduced through Prof. E.F. Codd of the IBM Research in the year 1970
he SQL query that will return the order number, quantity ordered, price each and total cost of an order (quantity * price each) from the order details table. Label the calculated c
It defines that no primary key value can be null. This is as the primary key is used to recognize individual tuple in the relation. So we will not be able to recognize the records
Define Boyce codd normal form A relation schema R is in BCNF with respect to a set F of functional dependencies if, for all functional dependencies in F + of the form.α ->β.
explain ANSI SPARC architecture
Explain the Project-Join normal form A relation R is in PJNF along with respect to a set of functional dependencies D if for all join dependencies of the outline *(R 1 , R 2 ,
What is a disjoint less constraint? Ans: It needs that an entity belongs to no much more than one level entity set. Disjoint less constraint needs that an entity belongs to
Briefly describe concurrency execution? Lock - based protocols Locks There are several modes in which a data item may be locked in this section we restrict our attention
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