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Relational Algebra is a set of basic operations used to influence the data in relational model. These operations allow the user to specify basic retrieval request. The result of retrieval is a new relation, produced from one or more relations. These operations can be divided in two categories:
• Basic Set Operations
1) UNION
2) SET DIFFERENCE
3) INTERSECTION
4) CARTESIAN PRODUCT
• Relational Operations
1) JOIN
2) PROJECT
3) SELECT
4) DIVISION
What is the use of keyword ISA? The use of keyword ISA is to show that a class is a specialization of another class.
Instructions: Follow the instructions below for completing this project: 1. Creating the Database: · Use the physical table descriptions given below to define and create each t
User error : This contains errors in the program (e.g., Logical errors) with errors made by online users of database. These types of errors can be avoided by applying some check
Can we delete data element, which is being used by table fields. No we cant delete data element.
What is meant by heuristic optimisation? Discuss the main heuristics that are applied during query optimisation. Ans: In heuristic optimization, heuristics are employed to r
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What is an index? An index is a structure that helps to place desired records of a relation quickly, without probing all records.
Question : (a) Differentiate between database integrity and database security (b) Database security involves measures to avoid loss of privacy and loss of confidentiality. D
explain in detail about time stamp orderting/
Security: In a centralised system, access to the data can be simply controlled. Though, in a distributed DBMS not only does access to replicated data have to be controlled in many
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