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The idea of reference counting is to maintain, for every object, the total number of references to that object, i.e. the number of "incoming" pointers. Whenever the number of references is zero we know that the object is not accessible through any pointers, and thus it is garbage. Also, whenever we choose to delete some useless object,we have to recursively check that object to see if it contains pointers to other objects; if so, we have decrement the reference counters for those objects as well. One problem of reference counting, though, is how to deal with cycles. Suppose object A points to B, and B points to A. If these objects can only be reached through each other, we have to free them too, even though their counters are not zero! Note that cycles can common inmany data structures; for example, consider a doubly-linked list. The commonly adopted solution to this problem is to run mark-sweep now and then, in order to remove cyclic references, and then run normal reference counting on the rest of the time.
Recall that condition variables are synchronization primitives that enable threads to wait until a particular condition occurs. Generalizing, the combination of locks and condit
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Define Ageing Ageing is a method of enhancing the priority of process waiting in Queue for CPU allocation
Compare user threads and kernel threads. User threads:- User threads are supported above the kernel and are executed by a thread library at the user level. Thread creation
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Write about critical regions and monitors. Critical region definition Monitor definition Implementation of the conditional-region construct Syntax of monitor Monito
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Q. Why High level languages need Compiler? High level languages - illustrations are COBOL, FORTRAN, PL/I andALGOL - are processed by interpreters andcompilers. A compilers is a
Explain about threading issues? The fork and exec system calls In a multithreaded program of few UNIX systems have chosen to have two versions of fork, one that duplicates e
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