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The idea of reference counting is to maintain, for every object, the total number of references to that object, i.e. the number of "incoming" pointers. Whenever the number of references is zero we know that the object is not accessible through any pointers, and thus it is garbage. Also, whenever we choose to delete some useless object,we have to recursively check that object to see if it contains pointers to other objects; if so, we have decrement the reference counters for those objects as well. One problem of reference counting, though, is how to deal with cycles. Suppose object A points to B, and B points to A. If these objects can only be reached through each other, we have to free them too, even though their counters are not zero! Note that cycles can common inmany data structures; for example, consider a doubly-linked list. The commonly adopted solution to this problem is to run mark-sweep now and then, in order to remove cyclic references, and then run normal reference counting on the rest of the time.
Define memory management In multiprogramming system the user part of memory should be further subdivided to accommodate multiple processes. The task of subdivision is carried o
Cold Backup: It is copying the three groups of files when the object is shut down. This is a straight file copy, generally from the storage disk directly to tape. You must end th
Q. Explain a mechanism by which one segment could belong to the address space of two different processes. Answer: Because segment tables are a collection of base-limit register
How can a user program disturb the normal operation of the system? a) Issuing illegal I/O operation. b) By accessing memory locations within the OS itself. c) Refusing to
linked allocation using i node
Write a Perl script assignGrades.pl to assign letter grades to the students.
What do you mean by first fit? First fit allocates the first hole that is big sufficient .Searching can either start at the starting of the set of holes or where the previous f
factors that influences layout
How does an operating system make multiprogramming possible by using single processor?
Second chance Algorithm When the page is chosen the reference bit is checked to see whether it has been referenced before. If that is the case after that it is given a second c
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