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The idea of reference counting is to maintain, for every object, the total number of references to that object, i.e. the number of "incoming" pointers. Whenever the number of references is zero we know that the object is not accessible through any pointers, and thus it is garbage. Also, whenever we choose to delete some useless object,we have to recursively check that object to see if it contains pointers to other objects; if so, we have decrement the reference counters for those objects as well. One problem of reference counting, though, is how to deal with cycles. Suppose object A points to B, and B points to A. If these objects can only be reached through each other, we have to free them too, even though their counters are not zero! Note that cycles can common inmany data structures; for example, consider a doubly-linked list. The commonly adopted solution to this problem is to run mark-sweep now and then, in order to remove cyclic references, and then run normal reference counting on the rest of the time.
File Organization * Sequential * Direct * Indexed A file still if it is stored on a magnetic disk or CD-ROM disk may perhaps have a sequential file organiz
describe competing process
Recall that condition variables are synchronization primitives that enable threads to wait until a particular condition occurs. Generalizing, the combination of locks and condit
Define Coding in an independent service architecture Coding in an independent service architecture alleviates many of the traditional dependencies of monolithic applications.
what is dual mode operation
#question After working for 30 years, Ramjee Somjee Dutt opted for VRS and started a courier company and did very well in the first four years. He was now looking for expansion of
What is process control block? Every process is represented in the OS by a process control block. It has many pieces of information associated with an exact process.
Describe the differences between foreground and background processing. What advantage does background processing provide? 1. Background processes typically run with little or no
Now, let us discuss two related algorithms for deciding which pages to evict. The clock algorithm is one of the most popular choices. It works by keeping frames in a circular struc
Note for assignment
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