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The idea of reference counting is to maintain, for every object, the total number of references to that object, i.e. the number of "incoming" pointers. Whenever the number of references is zero we know that the object is not accessible through any pointers, and thus it is garbage. Also, whenever we choose to delete some useless object,we have to recursively check that object to see if it contains pointers to other objects; if so, we have decrement the reference counters for those objects as well. One problem of reference counting, though, is how to deal with cycles. Suppose object A points to B, and B points to A. If these objects can only be reached through each other, we have to free them too, even though their counters are not zero! Note that cycles can common inmany data structures; for example, consider a doubly-linked list. The commonly adopted solution to this problem is to run mark-sweep now and then, in order to remove cyclic references, and then run normal reference counting on the rest of the time.
Write a note on semaphores A semaphore is a tool meant for synchronizing multiple processes trying to access a shared variable. That is a semaphore is used to deal with the cri
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is there any difference between the trap and interrupt??
Determine a policy that is not a valid page replacement policy? RU policy (Recurrently used) is not a valid page replacement policy.
Q. When virtual memory is executed in a computing system there are convinced costs associated with the technique and certain benefits. List the costs as well as the benefits. Is i
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At the end of this lecture, and into the next lecture, we will discuss the last major type of logical error that can occurwhen programming with threads. A deadlock occurswhen two t
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