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The idea of reference counting is to maintain, for every object, the total number of references to that object, i.e. the number of "incoming" pointers. Whenever the number of references is zero we know that the object is not accessible through any pointers, and thus it is garbage. Also, whenever we choose to delete some useless object,we have to recursively check that object to see if it contains pointers to other objects; if so, we have decrement the reference counters for those objects as well. One problem of reference counting, though, is how to deal with cycles. Suppose object A points to B, and B points to A. If these objects can only be reached through each other, we have to free them too, even though their counters are not zero! Note that cycles can common inmany data structures; for example, consider a doubly-linked list. The commonly adopted solution to this problem is to run mark-sweep now and then, in order to remove cyclic references, and then run normal reference counting on the rest of the time.
The following is a dump of a TCP header in hexadecimal format: 00CD0018 00000EF1 00000D5D 502200D1 01BF0010 We need to first split the above hex as such 00 CD 00 18 00 00
What is the difference between multiprocessing and multitasking? Multi programming means implementing more than one program but here whenever the processor is idle during execu
Clustered file organization A clustered file is also called a B-tree-clustered file is a tree-structured file in which records with adjacent index values are clustered toget
explain in detail about ipc in linux
At the end of this lecture, and into the next lecture, we will discuss the last major type of logical error that can occurwhen programming with threads. A deadlock occurswhen two t
What is busy waiting? When strict alteration is done there may take place situation like two processes setting their flag as true. Therefore both of the processes have equal pr
Define drawback of Distributed systems Reliability is a drawback of Distributed systems
Q. Capability lists are typically kept within the address space of the user. How does the system make sure that the user cannot modify the contents of the list? Answer: An ap
What is indexed allocation? Every file has its own block of pointers to the sectors of the file.
Problem: a) Define a ‘file' and list the objectives of the file management system. b) List the ways in which programs access files and determine for what file types you woul
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