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The idea of reference counting is to maintain, for every object, the total number of references to that object, i.e. the number of "incoming" pointers. Whenever the number of references is zero we know that the object is not accessible through any pointers, and thus it is garbage. Also, whenever we choose to delete some useless object,we have to recursively check that object to see if it contains pointers to other objects; if so, we have decrement the reference counters for those objects as well. One problem of reference counting, though, is how to deal with cycles. Suppose object A points to B, and B points to A. If these objects can only be reached through each other, we have to free them too, even though their counters are not zero! Note that cycles can common inmany data structures; for example, consider a doubly-linked list. The commonly adopted solution to this problem is to run mark-sweep now and then, in order to remove cyclic references, and then run normal reference counting on the rest of the time.
For reading, most operating systems use demand paging. This means that pages are only read from the disk into physical memory when they are needed. In the page table, there is a re
The principle is that of ordinary addition; however remember the highest number is 1. Calculate the following: 11001 + 11
In a multiprogramming and time sharing environment several users share the system simultaneously .what are two such problems?
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Give a brief introduction about the operation of your program and show that you understand the idea behind threads and mutual exclusion variable. Why do we need to use mutual exclu
Virtual addresses are made up of two parts: the ?rst part is the page number, and the second part is an offset inside that page. Suppose our pages are 4kb (4096 = 212 bytes) long,
Debugging a multi threaded program The following list points out few of the more frequent oversights and errors that can cause bugs in multithreaded programs. 1. Ephemeral
Another solution then would be to keep a pool of threads. Whenever a new task arrives, the system would simply get a thread from pool and set that thread to work on the given task.
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