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The idea of reference counting is to maintain, for every object, the total number of references to that object, i.e. the number of "incoming" pointers. Whenever the number of references is zero we know that the object is not accessible through any pointers, and thus it is garbage. Also, whenever we choose to delete some useless object,we have to recursively check that object to see if it contains pointers to other objects; if so, we have decrement the reference counters for those objects as well. One problem of reference counting, though, is how to deal with cycles. Suppose object A points to B, and B points to A. If these objects can only be reached through each other, we have to free them too, even though their counters are not zero! Note that cycles can common inmany data structures; for example, consider a doubly-linked list. The commonly adopted solution to this problem is to run mark-sweep now and then, in order to remove cyclic references, and then run normal reference counting on the rest of the time.
Some people write custom memory allocators to meet their speci?c needs. Although this is not needed for most of the applications, it is also not uncommon. The goal, of course, is t
What is virtual memory? Virtual memory is a method that allows the execution of processes that might not be completely in memory. It is the separation of user logical memory fr
Fault tolerance : Machine failures, Communication faults, storage device crashes, and decays of storage media must be tolerated by the system to some extent. A fault tolerant sy
VARIABLE PARTITIONING We can differ the partitions and change the location according to the size of the process. 50k 40k
Medium term scheduling is form of the swapping operation. This attaches to processes that are in a suspended or blocked state. They are swapped out of real-memory storage until t
Q. Explain the Concept of Process? A process is sequential program in execution. A process states the basic unit of computation for the computer. Components of process are:
When you run a program on your UNIX system, the system prepares a special environment for that program. This environment owns everything needed for the system to execute the progra
problems of procedure
Priority Scheduling leads to the risk of starvation: a process is ready, but never is given the processor. Some preemptive priority schedulers therefore reserve a fraction of the p
Problem: (a) Discuss Distributed File System Caching. (Your discussion should include the goal and architecture of distributed file system caching and the various possible c
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