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The idea of reference counting is to maintain, for every object, the total number of references to that object, i.e. the number of "incoming" pointers. Whenever the number of references is zero we know that the object is not accessible through any pointers, and thus it is garbage. Also, whenever we choose to delete some useless object,we have to recursively check that object to see if it contains pointers to other objects; if so, we have decrement the reference counters for those objects as well. One problem of reference counting, though, is how to deal with cycles. Suppose object A points to B, and B points to A. If these objects can only be reached through each other, we have to free them too, even though their counters are not zero! Note that cycles can common inmany data structures; for example, consider a doubly-linked list. The commonly adopted solution to this problem is to run mark-sweep now and then, in order to remove cyclic references, and then run normal reference counting on the rest of the time.
explain goals of system software
Q. What system calls have to be implementing by a command interpreter or shell in order to start a new process? Answer: In the UNIX systems a fork system call followed by an ex
What is ERD? Entity Relationship Diagram is the graphical representation of the object relationship pair. It is mostly used in database applications.
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Define I/O and CPU Bursts Applications typically to through cycle of CPU bursts and Input/output bursts. Since the CPU sits idle during I/O operations, efficiency is improved
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There are three kinds of Data Abstraction: Physical level: The minimum level of abstraction defines how data are saved. Logical level: The next bigger level of a
Locality of reference entails that the page reference being made by a process Locality of reference entails that the page reference being made by a process is similarly to be
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Message passing system:- The function of message system is to permit processes to communicate with one another without the requirement to resort (option) to shared data. Commun
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