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The idea of reference counting is to maintain, for every object, the total number of references to that object, i.e. the number of "incoming" pointers. Whenever the number of references is zero we know that the object is not accessible through any pointers, and thus it is garbage. Also, whenever we choose to delete some useless object,we have to recursively check that object to see if it contains pointers to other objects; if so, we have decrement the reference counters for those objects as well. One problem of reference counting, though, is how to deal with cycles. Suppose object A points to B, and B points to A. If these objects can only be reached through each other, we have to free them too, even though their counters are not zero! Note that cycles can common inmany data structures; for example, consider a doubly-linked list. The commonly adopted solution to this problem is to run mark-sweep now and then, in order to remove cyclic references, and then run normal reference counting on the rest of the time.
Under what circumstances would a user be better off using a time-sharing system, rather than a personal computer or single-user workstation? When there are some other users, th
Define Segmentation The memory allocation method subject to “external” fragmentation is Segmentation.
Question: (a) Briefly discuss and describe the possible RMI invocation semantics. (b) (i) What is data marshaling? (ii) Explain the role of a remote object reference dur
What is the benefits OS co-operating process? Information sharing. Computation speeds up. Modularity. Convenience.
how does DMA increase system concurrency
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What is busy waiting? The repeated implementation of a loop of code while waiting for an event to happen is known as busy-waiting. The CPU is not engaged in any actual producti
what is segmentation as it refers to operating system
prepare electricity bill without using file
Suppose we want to program a Web server; we could easily do so without using concurrency, as follows: while(true) wait connection read from socket and parse url look up url cont
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