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Recursion versus Iteration
Dissimilar the iteration, recursion is not crucial to PL/SQL programming. Any problem which can be solved using recursion can be solving using the iteration. Also, the iterative version of the subprogram is typically easier to design than the recursive version. Though, the recursive version is typically simpler, smaller, and hence easier to debug. Compare the functions below that calculate the nth Fibonacci number:
-- recursive version
FUNCTION fib (n POSITIVE) RETURN INTEGER IS
BEGIN
IF (n = 1) OR (n = 2) THEN
RETURN 1;
ELSE
RETURN fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2);
END IF;
END fib;
-- iterative version
pos1 INTEGER := 1;
pos2 INTEGER := 0;
cum INTEGER;
cum := pos1 + pos2;
FOR i IN 3..n LOOP
pos2 := pos1;
pos1 := cum;
END LOOP;
RETURN cum;
The recursive version of the Fibonacci is more graceful than the iterative version. Though, the iterative version is more accurate; it runs faster and uses less storage. That is as each recursive call needs an additional time and memory. As the number of recursive calls gets bigger, so does the difference in effectiveness. Still, if you expect the number of recursive calls to be little, you may choose the recursive version for its readability.
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Parameter Modes To define the behavior of formal parameters you use the parameter modes. The 3 parameter modes, IN, OUT, & IN OUT, can be used with any subprogram. Though, a
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Keyword & Parameter Description: boolean_expression: This is an expression which yields the Boolean value that is TRUE, FALSE, & NULL. character_expression: This
Providing Results of Queries Expressing queries in SQL is the (big) subject. Here I present just a simple example to give you the flavour of things to come in those chapters.
EXCEPTION_INIT Pragma The pragma EXCEPTION_INIT relates an exception name with an Oracle error number. Which allow you to refer to any internal exception by the name and to wri
Dynamic Ranges The PL/SQL lets you determine the loop range dynamically at run time, as the example below shows: SELECT COUNT(empno) INTO emp_count FROM emp; FOR i IN 1..emp_cou
i NEED THE QURIES TO SOME OF THE PROBLEMS USING plsql
write the program for traffic control system with 10 second, 15 secod, and 20 second delay
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