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Recursion
The Recursion is a powerful method for simplify the design of the algorithms. Principally, the recursion means the self-reference. In the recursive mathematical series, each word is derived by applying the formula to the preceding terms. The Fibonacci series (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, ...), that was first used to model the growth of the rabbit colony, is an example. Each word in the series (after the second) is the sum of the two terms that instantly precede it.
In a recursive description, somewhat is defined in terms of the simpler versions of itself.
Consider the definition of n factorial (n!), that the product of all integers from 1 to n:
n! = n * (n - 1)!
Using PRIOR and NEXT The PRIOR(n) returns the index number that precede index n in a collection. The NEXT(n) returns the index number which succeed the index n. If n has no pr
Using FIRST and LAST FIRST and LAST return the first and last (minimum and maximum) index numbers in a collection. When the collection is empty, the FIRST and LAST return NULL
Using Pragma RESTRICT_REFERENCES: The function called from the SQL statements should obey certain rules meant to control the side effects. To check for violation of the rules,
Built-In Functions The PL/SQL provides a lot of powerful functions to help you to manipulate the data. These built-in functions fall into the categories as shown below: error r
Using %TYPE The %TYPE attribute gives the datatype of a variable or the database column. In the example below, the %TYPE gives the datatype of a variable: credit REAL(7,2); debi
Avoiding Collection Exceptions In many cases, if you reference a nonexistent collection element, then PL/SQL raises a predefined exception. Consider the illustration shown b
Assignments in pl/sql The Variables and constants are initialized every time a block or subprogram is entered. By default, the variables are initialized to NULL. Therefore, unle
Initializing Records The illustration below shows that you can initialize a record in its type definition. Whenever you declare a record of the type TimeRec, its 3 fields supp
Using FORALL and BULK COLLECT Together You can unite the BULK COLLECT clause with the FORALL statement, in that case, the SQL engine bulk-binds column values incrementally. In
Defining REF CURSOR Types To make cursor variables, you take 2 steps. At first, you define a REF CURSOR type, and then declare the cursor variables of that type. You can defin
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