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Recovery Techniques:After Reading the types of failures and database errors, let us talk about how to recover from the failures. Recovery can be complete using/restoring the previous consistent state (backward recovery) or by moving forward to the next consistent state as per the committed transactions recovery (forward recovery). Please note that a system can recover from software and hardware failures by using the forward and backward recovery only if the system log is intact. What is the system log? We will talk about it in more detail, but first let us describe forward and backward recovery.
Relational and E-R Model There are three types of constraints on relational database that have: DOMAIN CONSTRAINT PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT
how to data store?
How can you Start MySQL Server? To start the mysql program type it is name in the command- line prompt. After starting mysql program just display A welcome letter using the
Define single valued and multivalued attributes. Single valued attributes: attributes with a single value for a particular entity are known as single valued attributes. M
Making Common Behaviour Abstract Let us define abstraction "Abstraction means to focus on the necessary, inherent aspects of an entity and ignoring its accidental features". O
Objectives Define the terms RECOVERY and INTEGRITY; Define Recovery Techniques; Explain Error and Error detection techniques, and Define types of Authorisation.
Limitations of File Based System The file-based system has some limitations. The limitations are listed as follows: Isolation and separation of data: When the data is
Define Atom of domain relational calculus An atom has the outline 1 , x 2 , ... , x n > -> r , in which r stands for a relation on n attributes and x 1 , x 2 , ... , x n ar
Synonyms It allows short names or alternative names for objects. Example : CREATE SYNONYM D30 FOR EMPD30; Now if we give command:
What are composite objects? Objects that have other objects are known as complex objects or composite objects.
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