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Recovery Techniques:After Reading the types of failures and database errors, let us talk about how to recover from the failures. Recovery can be complete using/restoring the previous consistent state (backward recovery) or by moving forward to the next consistent state as per the committed transactions recovery (forward recovery). Please note that a system can recover from software and hardware failures by using the forward and backward recovery only if the system log is intact. What is the system log? We will talk about it in more detail, but first let us describe forward and backward recovery.
Define the terms 1) physical schema 2) logical schema. Physical schema: The physical schema explains the database design at the physical level, which is the lowest lev
What is Gathering information and Producing ERD Gathering information: This could be a written document that explains the system in question with reasonable quantity of detai
Consider the E/R schema with weak entity sets shown below. Come up with the SQL CREATE TABLE statements (with appropriate primary key, unique and foreign key constraints). Include
When are two schedules said to be view equivalent? Ans: Two schedules that is denoted as S and S' are said to be view equivalent if the subsequent three conditions are met
Atomicity : Either all functions are laid out or none are. Users could not have to think about the effect of incomplete operations. DBMS ensures this by undoing the functions
What is the full form of DDL? DDL is stand for Data Definition Language.
Describe Database state in details? Database state: The actual data within the database at a particular moment in time is known as a database state.
Fundamentals of Database Management 1. Explain the concept of Foreign Key. How a foreign key differs from a Primary Key? Can the Foreign Key accept nulls? 2. With a necess
CAR SALE (Car_id, Option_type, Option_listprice, Sale_date, Option_discountedprice) This relation refers to options installed in cars (e.g., cruise control) that were sold at a de
Data Control The data control mostly refers to commands that permit system and data privileges to be passed to several users. These commands are usually available to database admi
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