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Recovery Techniques:After Reading the types of failures and database errors, let us talk about how to recover from the failures. Recovery can be complete using/restoring the previous consistent state (backward recovery) or by moving forward to the next consistent state as per the committed transactions recovery (forward recovery). Please note that a system can recover from software and hardware failures by using the forward and backward recovery only if the system log is intact. What is the system log? We will talk about it in more detail, but first let us describe forward and backward recovery.
Describe Physical Data independence ? Physical Data Independence - It is capacity to modify the internal schema without having to change conceptual schema. Therefore, the exter
Nested Queries Let us see some more complex queries in this section. Sub-queries: Some of the basic concerns of sub-queries are: A sub-query is a SELECT statemen
Explain the Log Based Recovery Method? The system log that is generally written on stable storage consists of the redundant data required to recover from volatile storage failu
Security: In a centralised system, access to the data can be simply controlled. Though, in a distributed DBMS not only does access to replicated data have to be controlled in many
What is the use of group by clause? Group by clause is used to apply aggregate functions to a set of tuples. The attributes given in the group by clause are used to
What is Nested Trigger? A trigger can also having INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE logic within itself, so when the trigger is fired because of data modification it can also cause ano
What are the three classes of SQL expression? SQL expression consists of three clauses: Select From Where
Scenario 1: Power goes out after the first instruction. What happens?
what do you mean by consistency in rdbms?
What is completeness constraint on generalization? Define the variation between total and partial design constraint. Give an example each. Ans: Completeness Constraints
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