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Recovery Techniques:After Reading the types of failures and database errors, let us talk about how to recover from the failures. Recovery can be complete using/restoring the previous consistent state (backward recovery) or by moving forward to the next consistent state as per the committed transactions recovery (forward recovery). Please note that a system can recover from software and hardware failures by using the forward and backward recovery only if the system log is intact. What is the system log? We will talk about it in more detail, but first let us describe forward and backward recovery.
Q. What is relational algebra and calculus? Explain the relational algebra operators :- Selection and predicate, set operation, joins and division. Sol. Relational Algebra
aggregation
limitations and benefits in database tecknowlagy
What is indexed sequential file organization? What are the applications of this organization? Ans: An index file can be employed to effectively overcome the problem of storing
Differance between internal and external schema? Internal and external schema: Internal Schema • Describes the physical storage structure • Uses a physical data model External
random file orgnization
The PROJECT operation The project operation is used to choose the records with specified attributes as discarding the others based on some related criteria. This is denotes as ∏
Define the terms entity, attribute, role and relationship between the entities, giving examples for each of them. Ans: Entity: An entity is a "thing" or "object" in th
in case of functional dependencies how we get the higher normal form.
Object-oriented decompositions Object-oriented decompositions of systems better are able to cope with change. Each subsystem has a well-defined interface which communicates with
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