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Recovery Techniques:After Reading the types of failures and database errors, let us talk about how to recover from the failures. Recovery can be complete using/restoring the previous consistent state (backward recovery) or by moving forward to the next consistent state as per the committed transactions recovery (forward recovery). Please note that a system can recover from software and hardware failures by using the forward and backward recovery only if the system log is intact. What is the system log? We will talk about it in more detail, but first let us describe forward and backward recovery.
Describe the iterative and incremental life cycle For an iterative and incremental life cycle, two criteria are process and time. The main components of showing a project devel
A basic model of Database Access Control Models of database access control have grown out of previous work on protection in operating systems. Let us talk about one simple mode
Shared lock or Read Lock It is requested by a transaction that needs to just read the value of data item. A shared lock on a data item does not permit an exclusive lock
Two Phase Locking (2PL) The two-phase locking protocol having of two phases: Phase 1 : The lock acquisition phase : If a transaction T needs to read an object, it wants to
Differentiate between the object oriented decomposition and the structured decomposition? Process-oriented (structural) decomposition divides a complex process, function or tas
Create a new user : CREATE USER IDENTIFIED BY Example: //CREATE USER MCA12 IDENTIFIED BY W123 Grant: It is used to give database access permission to users. It is of
Clustering Indexes It may be an excellent idea to keep data of the students in the order of the programme they have registered as most of the data file accesses may need studen
Strict 2PL :Though, this basic 2PL suffers from the trouble that it can result into loss of isolation / atomic property of transaction as theoretically speaking once a lock is rele
What is Cardinality Ratio? Cardinality Ratios - The cardinality ratios for relationship kinds specifies the maximum number of relationship instances in which an entity can pa
The Second Normal Form (2NF) Definition: A relation is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and each non-key attribute is fully dependent on each candidate key of the relation. Some of th
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