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Recovery Techniques:After Reading the types of failures and database errors, let us talk about how to recover from the failures. Recovery can be complete using/restoring the previous consistent state (backward recovery) or by moving forward to the next consistent state as per the committed transactions recovery (forward recovery). Please note that a system can recover from software and hardware failures by using the forward and backward recovery only if the system log is intact. What is the system log? We will talk about it in more detail, but first let us describe forward and backward recovery.
Control as State within Program 1. The term control exactly means to check effect of input within a program. For illustration, in Figure, after the ATM card is inserted (a
1. Use the Invoice table structure shown below to answer the following questions: a) Draw the dependency diagram and identify the primary key and all dependencies, including al
What is persistency? Persistency ensures which data is stored and that after the object is no longer available (program stops running) the data will be available to other users
Describe an data dictionary? A data dictionary is a data structure which keeps meta data about the structure of the database ie. the schema of the database.
Types of data independence Data independence can be classified into the following two types: Physical Data Independence: This means that for any change made in the physi
Define functional and multivalued dependencies. Ans: A functional dependency is a assets of the semantics of the attributes in a relation. The semantics point out how at
File Manager File manager handles the allocation of space on disk storage. It starts and maintains the list of structures and indices described in the internal schema that is
You group has been hired by TrainingrUs.com to keeps track of training revenues. TrainingrUS.com wants you to keep scheduling. COURSE table contains following information:
(a) Why did SAP introduce the extended star schema?
You are required to implement integrity constraints within the database to enforce the following requirements: For Projects: Start date must be supplied. Start date cannot be i
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