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Recovery Techniques:After Reading the types of failures and database errors, let us talk about how to recover from the failures. Recovery can be complete using/restoring the previous consistent state (backward recovery) or by moving forward to the next consistent state as per the committed transactions recovery (forward recovery). Please note that a system can recover from software and hardware failures by using the forward and backward recovery only if the system log is intact. What is the system log? We will talk about it in more detail, but first let us describe forward and backward recovery.
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Saving Derived Attributes to Avoid Re-computation Data that is derived from other data should be stored in the computed form to avoid re-computation. For this, we could define
What are composite objects? Objects that have other objects are known as complex objects or composite objects.
let us consider a table having 2200 records and the fixed size of the table to be considered as 25.then how many numbers of table is requredto perform horizontal fragmentation
Consider the following relations: BRANCH( bno, street, area, city, pcode, Tel_no, Fax_no) STAFF( Sno, Fname, Lname, address, position , salary, bno) Express the subsequent qu
What is the use of rename operation? Rename operation is used to rename both relations and an attributes. It uses the as clause, taking the form: Old-name as new-name.
Data Redundancy -A lot of information is being repeated in the relation. For instance, the information that MCS-014 is named SSAD is repetitive, address of Rahul is "D- 27, Main ro
What subschema expresses ? A subschema expresses the external view. (External schemas are called also called as subschemas)
How is Oracle used in PL/SQL? Define the features of process and how they are defined? PL/SQL - PL/SQL is Oracle's procedural language (PL) superset of the Structured
What is the meaning of Data independence? Data independence means a programs that are not dependent on the physical attributes of data and a programs that are not dependent on
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