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Recovery Techniques:After Reading the types of failures and database errors, let us talk about how to recover from the failures. Recovery can be complete using/restoring the previous consistent state (backward recovery) or by moving forward to the next consistent state as per the committed transactions recovery (forward recovery). Please note that a system can recover from software and hardware failures by using the forward and backward recovery only if the system log is intact. What is the system log? We will talk about it in more detail, but first let us describe forward and backward recovery.
Objectives After Reading this part, you should be able to: Explain the term CONCURRENCY; Describe the term transaction and concurrent transactions; Talk about co
This assignment is worth 45% of your final grade for this module. Marks will be awarded as follows: Prototypes (wireframe and web based prototype) You are expected
2NF Normal Form : A relation schema process R is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and each non-prime attribute A in R is fully functionally related on primary key. Second normal form (2N
Consider the entity type dependent related to employee entity, which is used to keep track of the dependents of every employee. The attributes of dependents are: name, sex, birth d
What are audit trails? An audit trail is a log of all alters to the database along with information like which user performed the change and when the alter was performed.
Define NULL value NULL value NULL means something is unknown. It does NOT mean null (the digit 0). Null is as well employed as attribute value for a particular entity in which
Functional Dependency Consider a relation R that has 2 attributes A and B. The attribute B of the relation is functionally dependent on the attribute A if and only if for every
Determine the Disadvantages of file based systems Some of the disadvantages of file based systems are like this: Data redundancy and inconsistency: the dissimilar applic
what is lossless & dependency preserving decomposition ?
What is the use of rename operation? Rename operation is used to rename both relations and an attributes. It uses the as clause, taking the form: Old-name as new-name.
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