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Recovery Techniques:After Reading the types of failures and database errors, let us talk about how to recover from the failures. Recovery can be complete using/restoring the previous consistent state (backward recovery) or by moving forward to the next consistent state as per the committed transactions recovery (forward recovery). Please note that a system can recover from software and hardware failures by using the forward and backward recovery only if the system log is intact. What is the system log? We will talk about it in more detail, but first let us describe forward and backward recovery.
Entities Let us first be aware of the question: What are entities? An entity is an object of concern used to show the things in the actual world, e.g., table, car, bo
What are the ways in which the variable-length records arise in database systems? Storage of many record types in a file. Record types that permit variable lengths for one o
What is RDBMS terminology for a row? A tuple is a RDBMS terminology for a row
Examples:- Hierarchical Model: It tells data as and relationships by hierarchy of data values. Figure illustrates an example of hierarchical model. Now a day's these models are
Horizontal Fragmentation- Horizontal fragmentation groups together the tuples in a relation that are collectively used by the main transactions. A horizontal fragment is produced b
Using SQL create a view RS for the relations R and S. The view consists of the columns A and D renamed as X and Y in that order. Insert a tuple into it. Show the contents of t
What is a B+-Tree index? A B+-Tree index takes the form of a balanced tree in which each path from the root of the root of the root of the tree to a leaf of the tree is of the
Guidelines for creation of table: Table name should begin with an alphabet. In table name, single quotes and blank spaces are not allowed. Reserve words of that DBM
Determine object representation As a designer, we must choose properly that when to use primitive types in representing objects and when to combine groups of related objects,
Define query optimization. Query optimization refers to the process of search the lowest -cost method of evaluating a given query.
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