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Quantification in SQL
To quantify something, as the theory book has it, is to state its quantity, to say how many of it there are. For example, in Tutorial D the expression COUNT(r) denotes the number of tuples in the relation r, to be interpreted as the number of objects represented by those tuples that satisfy a predicate that r is considered to represent. Universal quantification-stating that something is true of all objects under consideration-is involved in expressions such as
SQL Database: So, an SQL database is one whose symbols are organized into a collection of tables. Now, shows an SQL table as the current value of an SQL variable, ENROLMENT, b
Use the RETURNING Clause Frequently, the application requires information about the row affected by a SQL operation, for illustration, to produce a report or take a subsequent
Projection and Existential Quantification - SQL Intuitively it might seem that projection in SQL is simply a matter of specifying the required columns in the SELECT clause, a
Effects of NULL for UNIQUE Specification When a UNIQUE specification u for base table t includes a column c that is not subject to a NOT NULL constraint, the appearance of sev
Using EXISTS The EXISTS(n) returns TRUE if the nth element in a collection exist. Or else, EXISTS(n) returns FALSE. Primarily, you use EXISTS with DELETE to maintain the spars
Bulk Binds advantages In the Embedded Oracle RDBMS, the PL/SQL engines accept any valid PL/SQL subprogram or block. As the figure shows, the PL/SQL engine executes all procedur
Iterative Control: LOOP Statements The LOOP statement executes a series of statements multiple times. There are 3 forms of LOOP statements: LOOP, WHILE-LOOP, & FOR-LOOP. LOOP
Subprograms The PL/SQL has two types of subprograms known as the procedures and functions that can take parameters and be invoked. As the following example represents, a subp
Table Literals - SQL One might expect SQL to support table literals in the manner illustrated in Example 2.2, but in fact that is not a legal SQL expression. Example: Not a
Using SAVEPOINT The SAVEPOINT names and marks the present point in the processing of a transaction. Used with the ROLLBACK TO statement, the savepoints undo parts of a transac
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