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Pulmonary Ventilation:Pulmonary ventilation is the process by which gasses flow between the atmosphere and lung alveoli. Air moves into the lungs when air pressure inside the lungs is less than the air pressure in the atmosphere and out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is greater than the atmosphere pressure. Breathing in is called inhalation or inspiration. Just before each inhalation air pressure inside the alveoli is equal to the atmospheric pressures, 760 rnmHg, and the intrapleural pressure is 756 mmHg. With inspiration, the cavity of the thorax is enlarged as external intercostals muscles and the diaphragm contract causing a decrease in the intrapleural pressure to about 754 mmHg. The parietal pleura lining the cavity is pulled outward in all direction and the visceral pleura and lungs are pulled along with it. As the lung volume increases in this way the pressure inside the lungs i.e. 760 mmHg drops to 758 mmHg. Thus a pressure difference is established between the atmosphere and alveoli and air flows into the lungs from the atmosphere. Breathing out or exhalation (expiration) starts when the inspiratory muscles and diaphragm relaxes, the dome of the diaphragm moves up, the ribs are depressed leading to decrease in the lung volume and increase in the lung pressure (763 rnm Hg). Air flows out form the area of higher pressure to the area of lower pressure in the atmosphere. The elastic recoil of the chest wall and the lungs is due to the recoil of elastic fibers and the inward pull of surface tension due to the alveolar fluid. A thin layer of alveolar fluid coats the surface of the alveoli and exerts a force known as surface tension. Exhalation is a passive process while inhalation or inspiration is an active process.
How do organisms like:- a) fungi, b) zooplanktons and c) bears overcome the temporary short- lived climatic stressful conditions? Define.
What is the swinging flashlight test used for It is done to check the relative afferent pupillary defect in an eye that is blind from optic nerve disease.
Q. Texture of food product? Texture may be accessed through touch or mouth feels. When the food is placed in the mouth, the surface of the tongue and other sensitive skin react
Does glycolysis occur within the mitochondria? Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and not within the mitochondria. Pyruvic acid molecules later enter mitochondria to participate
Q. What are imago and nymph? Nymphs are larvae of hemimetabolic insects (like grasshoppers). They are very similar to the adult insect although smaller, In holometabolic insect
1. In which layer of skin are follicles usually found? 2. How are sebaceous glands associated with hair follicles? 3. In which layer of skin are sweat glands usually located?
In what ways is water lost from the body? Water is lost from the body by a) Evaporation (lungs and skin), b) Urination and defaecation (faeces always have water).
What does vacuoles do? It is an organelle, located in the cell's cytoplasm, which is the site of protein synthesis. It is really a protein having of 2 parts. These 2 "parts"
Why is carbon monoxide toxic for humans? Hemoglobin "likes" carbon monoxide (CO) much more than it likes oxygen. When there is carbon monoxide in the inhaled air it binds to he
Apiculture : This is the study of bee-keeping for obtaining wax and honey. Beekeeping is also known as apiculture, it is taken from Latin apis, bee. Apiculture is the maintenance
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