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Protocol Layering
To design structural network protocols the designers organize protocol and use the network hard ware and software to implement the protocol in layers. Each protocol belong to one of the layers just as each functions in the metro train architecture in figure2.13 belonged to a layer. The services that a layer offers to the above layer is called service model of a layer.
Protocol layering has conceptual and structural advantages. Layering provides a structured way to discuss system components. Modularity makes it easier to update systems components. The first potential drawback of layering is that one layer may duplicate lower layer functionality. For example many protocol stacks provide error recovery on both network basis and point to point procedures. A second potential drawback is that functionality at one layer may need information that is present only in another layer this violates the goal of separation of layers.
The protocols of the various layers are called the protocol stack. The internet protocol stack consists of five layers the physical link network transport and application layers respectively as figure
LRC - Performance Detects every burst errors up to length n (number of columns) If two bits in one data unit are damaged as well as two bits in exactly same positions
To accept its goals, ATM uses fixed, small sized packets known cells. Every cell has 53 octets. VPI/VCI fields shows the cells destination. PRIO say if cell can be discarded CRC
FIBER OPTIC EXTENSION: The LAN extension using fiber optic is given in the figure below: Figure The fiber-modem translates digital data into pulses of light the
Advantages There are times when using packet filters makes sense. If the connections require high throughput or the protocols has proprietary technology that makes it
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol is used to get a layer 3 address if the MAC address is called which then facilitates the loading of the O/S.
Categorization according to kind of instruction and data According to types of instruction and data subsequent types are identified under this classification: Scalar Pi
will you have this done to day? And how long will this take?
When you move the NIC cards from one PC to another PC, does the MAC address gets transferred as well? Yes, that's because MAC addresses are hard-wired into the NIC circuitry, n
Reliable Data Transfer Figure illustrate the framework for reliable transfer. The service abstraction provided to the upper layer entities is that of a reliable channel
Q. What is Retransmission timer? Retransmission timer if an ACK is received previous to the timer goes off - destroy the timer if the timer goes off before ACK a
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