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Protocol Layering
To design structural network protocols the designers organize protocol and use the network hard ware and software to implement the protocol in layers. Each protocol belong to one of the layers just as each functions in the metro train architecture in figure2.13 belonged to a layer. The services that a layer offers to the above layer is called service model of a layer.
Protocol layering has conceptual and structural advantages. Layering provides a structured way to discuss system components. Modularity makes it easier to update systems components. The first potential drawback of layering is that one layer may duplicate lower layer functionality. For example many protocol stacks provide error recovery on both network basis and point to point procedures. A second potential drawback is that functionality at one layer may need information that is present only in another layer this violates the goal of separation of layers.
The protocols of the various layers are called the protocol stack. The internet protocol stack consists of five layers the physical link network transport and application layers respectively as figure
Can you describe format of RTP and RTCP packets?
Error Detecting Code - Parity bit: The general idea for achieving error detection and correction is to add some redundancy (i.e., some extra data) to a message, which receiver
What are the benefits accruable from networks The exact number of benefits accruable from networks cannot be enumerated easily in terms of monetary benefit. In order to unde
Half-Duplex - Capability for data transmission in only single direction at a time among sending station and a receiving station.
What can be done to fix signal attenuation problems? A common way of dealing with like problem is to use repeaters and hub, because it will help regenerate the signal and thus
Can you describe RTP in Detail?
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For VOIP, first you need to consider the codec to use. Although there are many voice codecs, MyCo wants the safest bet and suggests that you design with the most known and oldest c
Repeaters - Operate only in physical layer - Connects two segments of the same LAN - Both segments must be of the same protocol - Only forwards frames; does not filter
What is redirector? Redirector is software that intercepts file or prints I/O requests and changes them into network requests. This comes under presentation layer.
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