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Protocol Layering
To design structural network protocols the designers organize protocol and use the network hard ware and software to implement the protocol in layers. Each protocol belong to one of the layers just as each functions in the metro train architecture in figure2.13 belonged to a layer. The services that a layer offers to the above layer is called service model of a layer.
Protocol layering has conceptual and structural advantages. Layering provides a structured way to discuss system components. Modularity makes it easier to update systems components. The first potential drawback of layering is that one layer may duplicate lower layer functionality. For example many protocol stacks provide error recovery on both network basis and point to point procedures. A second potential drawback is that functionality at one layer may need information that is present only in another layer this violates the goal of separation of layers.
The protocols of the various layers are called the protocol stack. The internet protocol stack consists of five layers the physical link network transport and application layers respectively as figure
Message Passing The PVM communication model gives asynchronous blocking receive, asynchronous blocking send and nonblocking receive functions. In our methodology, a blocking se
Assume the following 64-bit DES key (expressed in hexadecimal): FEFE FEFE FEFE FEFE (a) What is the term for such a key? (b) State the value of each of the 48-bit round keys
Synchronous Synchronous traffic is able to consume a portion of the 100 Mbps total bandwidth of an FDDI network while asynchronous traffic can consume the rest. Synchronous
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What is route summarization
Every input line of the combinational circuit represents an individual element of the string say xi and every output line results in the form of a sorted list. In order to attain t
FORMAT OF HARDWARE ADDRESS: It have of a numeric value and its size is chosen for specific network technology. The length of the message format is one to six bytes.
What is point to point link? It refers to a direct connection among two computers on a network. A point to point connection does not require any other network devices other tha
Dissimilar kinds of firewalls?
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