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Protocol Layering
To design structural network protocols the designers organize protocol and use the network hard ware and software to implement the protocol in layers. Each protocol belong to one of the layers just as each functions in the metro train architecture in figure2.13 belonged to a layer. The services that a layer offers to the above layer is called service model of a layer.
Protocol layering has conceptual and structural advantages. Layering provides a structured way to discuss system components. Modularity makes it easier to update systems components. The first potential drawback of layering is that one layer may duplicate lower layer functionality. For example many protocol stacks provide error recovery on both network basis and point to point procedures. A second potential drawback is that functionality at one layer may need information that is present only in another layer this violates the goal of separation of layers.
The protocols of the various layers are called the protocol stack. The internet protocol stack consists of five layers the physical link network transport and application layers respectively as figure
What is piggybacked ACK The protocol will be incorrect. Suppose that 3-bit sequence numbers we are using. Consider following situation: A just send frame 7. B gets frame
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A.) JPEG and PICT B.) MPEG and MIDI C.) ASCII and EBCDIC For example, the Presentation layer would be liable for changing from EDCDIC to ASCII. Data compression, decompres
After going through this part, you should be capable to: Describe the concepts of message passing programming; List out the various communication modes for communication
Many instance of IGRP run on one physical router
IP plus port (IP on layer 3 and port on Layer 4 - In Encapsulation, socket base decision on Network Layer -Layer 3)
Question: a) Compare Bluetooth and WIFI based networks over the following factors: Data rate, Range, Application Focus, Battery Power, Frequency Band, Security. b) Differe
Q. Security and Reciprocity of RSA? Security and Reciprocity of RSA - Kp and N are issued publicly. - Ks is kept secret. - Since the snooper does not know p and
Pipeline Processing Pipelining is a scheme to realize, overlapped parallelism in the proposed way out of a problem on a digital computer in an economical way. To understand the
Switch In a physical ring configuration any disabled or else disconnected node can disable the entire network Use of a switch can permit the ring to bypass an inactive
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