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Explain the structure of well formed formulae in relational calculus. Ans: a. An atom is a formula b. If P1 is a formula, after that so are ¬P1 and (P1) c. If P1 and P2 a
Indexed (Indexed Sequential) File Organisation It organises the file like a big dictionary, i.e., records are kept in order of the key but an index is stored which also allows
What are the typical phases of query processing
A Relation Schema represented by R(A1, A2, ..., An) is made up of the relation name the list of attributes and R Ai that it contains. A relation is described as a set of tuples
Describe the benefits of OOD techniques OOD techniques are very useful for development of large and complex systems. It has been noted that large projects that are developed u
Types of data independence Data independence can be classified into the following two types: Physical Data Independence: This means that for any change made in the physi
Differance between internal and external schema? Internal and external schema: Internal Schema • Describes the physical storage structure • Uses a physical data model External
What is Trigger? Trigger: A database trigger is procedural code which is automatically executed in response to specific events on a particular table in a database. Triggers can
define normalisation and functional dependency
These permit the user to unload a database or parts of a database and reload the data on the similar machine, or on another machine in a dissimilar location. This can be useful in
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