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Demonstration of immune responses and biomarkers:
This may be done either on the basis of sero-conversion study on paired sera samples or by challenge (protection) test. In sero-conversion, the first sera sample is collected at the time of disease and the second after 21 to 30 days of the first collection. A rise of 4-fold or more in antibody titer in neutralization, HI and CF tests are taken as a positive evidence of the involvement of the particular infectious agent in the causation of the disease under study. Challenge tests of recovered and control animals with the known virus strain of the disease being suspected, is a sure method to diagnose disease. However, it requires more time and inputs in terms of animals, sheds, attendants, etc.
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Define water losses by Insensible perspiration? Insensible perspiration accounts for a relatively constant amount of water loss that is proportional to the surface area of the
Q. How Linnaeus classify the plant kingdom? Linnaeus classified the plant kingdom into 24 classes in his famous work 'Genera Plantarum' (1737) and 'Species Plantarum' (1753). I
Under which conditions do aerobic cells carry out fermentation? Some cells that as a rule get energy from aerobic cellular respiration can carry out fermentation when oxygen is
Chemical bonding : The present matter of earth contains atoms bound in groups of two or more called molecules. Their binding capacity is called chemical reactivity; It depends upo
What is aves?
distinguishing characteristics of phylum platyhelminthes?
With the development of electron microscopy, it was possible to have an in depth knowledge of the interface between the implant and the tissues. Branemark was the pioneer in the fi
what are the negative and positive economic importance of snai
There are several methods by which a disease-causing organism can be transferred from the reservoir to the host organism. Direct contact : Disease - causing organism may be tr
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