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In a raw Itanium, a "Processor Abstraction Layer" (PAL) is integrated into the system. When it is booted the PAL is loaded into the CPU and gives a low-level interface that abstracts some instructions and gives a mechanism for processor updates distributed via a BIOS update.
During BIOS initialization an additional layer of code, the "System Abstraction Layer" (SAL) is loaded that gives a uniform API for execution-specific platform functions.
On top of the PAL/SAL interface sits the "Extensible Firmware Interface" (EFI). EFI is not part of the IA-64 architecture but by convention it is needed on all IA-64 systems. It is a easy API for access to logical aspects of the system (display, storage, keyboard, etc) combined with a lightweight runtime environment (same to DOS) that allows basic system administration tasks such as configuring storage adapters, flashing BIOS and running an OS boot-loader.
Once the OS has been booted, some aspects of the PAL/SAL/EFI stack remain resident in memory and can be accessed by the OS to perform low-level tasks that are implementation-dependent on the underlying hardware.
Classification of interrupts: 1. a) asynchronous external components or hardware malfunction 1.b)synchronous function of program state (for example over
Businesses are interested in AI because of the characteristics it offers that no other systems type offers. That is AI ability to: a. Preserve Intelligence and Knowledge: C
1. Start to make the verification point. 2. In the confirmation Point Name dialog box, select Apply wait state to confirmation point. 3. Type values for the following option
Why does FTP use two standard ports whereas other protocols, in general use only one port? Justify. File transfer protocol uses a control connection just to send commands and r
How the Kernel handles both the page stealer and the fault handler? The page stealer and the fault handler thrash because of the shortage of the memory. If the sum of the worki
Question: (a) Software may be categorized into System software and Application software. Differentiate between these two categories, using examples to support your answer.
A three stage network is realized by using switching matrices of size p x s in stage 1, r x r matrices in stage 2 and s x p matrices in stage 3. Using the Lee's probability graph s
find a c program to find the area under the curve y=f(x) between x=a and x=b,intregrate y=f(x)between the limits of a and b.the area under a curve between two points can be found b
What is the function of CU? The control unit works as the nerve center that coordinates all the computer operations. It issues timing signals that governs the data transfer.
How many select lines will a 32:1 multiplexer will have ? Ans. 5 select lines will be required for 32 inputs, as 2 5 = 32.
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