Already have an account? Get multiple benefits of using own account!
Login in your account..!
Remember me
Don't have an account? Create your account in less than a minutes,
Forgot password? how can I recover my password now!
Enter right registered email to receive password!
Avian encephalomyelitis
This is an acute infectious disease of birds (3 weeks old), which is caused by a member of the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae.
Epidemiology: Virus is transmitted by fecal-oral route. In laying hens, it can be transmitted to the chicks through the eggs.
Clinical signs: The incubation period varies from 2 to 4 weeks. The virus affects particularly the central nervous system of young chicks. The disease is characterized by ataxia and rapid tremors of the head, neck and limbs, hence, the synonym epidemic tremor . Symptoms appear within the first 3 weeks of life, in the form of complete or partial paralysis, unsteady gait and resting on the hocks; a very rapid tremor of the head, neck and tail in some chicks and tremors of the body muscles. The disease in older birds is usually inapparent except for a slight decline of production in laying hens.
Diagnosis: Clinical signs and histopathology are suggestive of the disease. A dense aggregation of lymphocytes in the muscular wall of the proventriculus constitutes a pathognomonic symptom. Confirmatory diagnosis is made by serum neutralization, immunofluorescence and immunodiffusion tests. The virus may be isolated either in cell culture or by inoculating 5-7 day old embryonated hen eggs obtained from antibody free hens by the yolk sac route. The chicks are allowed to hatch and are observed for seven days for signs of encephalomyelitis. It has to be differentiated from Newcastle disease as well as from a range of non-viral causes of central nervous system disease in chickens.
Treatment, prevention and control: Attenuated virus vaccines administered in the drinking water are available. The vaccines are administered after chickens reach 10 weeks of age and are designed to provide protection for chicks during the first 21 days after hatching by ensuring that adequate levels of specific antibodies are transferred from hens to progeny chicks. They are not administered to chicks because they are not sufficiently attenuated nor is there sufficient time to provide protection for chicks hatched into heavily contaminated environment. Inactivated vaccines are also available and are preferred when immunized birds are housed in close proximity to non-immunize chickens.
Define Factors Which May Lead To Errors in Count? There are many factors, which may lead to errors in count. (i) Counts may be low if the agar medium used in the technique d
Q. How in the respiratory chain do electrons from NADH2 and FADH2 passing through cytochromes liberate energy for the ATP synthesis? What is this ATP synthesis called? NADH2and
phylogenetic consideration
Explain Ledge bypass - Non-surgical Endodontic Retreatment Ledge bypass - StSt not NiT cause it has shape memory Ledges from outside the curvatures. The file t
Homologous Recombination is the exchange of the sequence between two associated but different DNA (or RNA) molecules, with the result that a new "chimeric" molecule is obtained. S
Explain Metabolism of Iron? In this sub-section, we will study how body gets its iron supply, how iron is transported and utilized by the various tissues and how iron balance i
How do meiosis do in developing of new varieties of crops
How many of the same proteins are made at the same time by each ribosome in the translation of one mRNA molecule? How does consecutive protein production occur in translation?
Biota of Lakes Lakes exhibit life zones. So far you have been reading about the vertical zonation of lakes. The lakes can be divided into horizontal zones as well. This divis
CELL MEMBRANE As discrete units of life all living cells are separated from each other and from their external environment by an extremely delicate (75 A to 100 a= 0.00075 to
Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!
whatsapp: +91-977-207-8620
Phone: +91-977-207-8620
Email: [email protected]
All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd