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Being simultaneously basic and acidic, water undergoes autoprotolysis, also called self-ionization:
The equilibrium constant is
H3O+ in these equations is general simply written H+. In pure water and in solutions that do not give any additional source of H+ or OH- both ions have molar concentrations exact to 10-7. Addition of an acid decreases [OH-] and hence increases [H3O+]; addition of a base has the reverse effect.
The pH scale is defined by
Neutral water has a pH of 7, acidic solutions have lower values of ph (typically 0-7), and basic solutions or alkaline higher values (7-14). In alkaline or basic solutions [OH-] is thus greater than [H+].
Strong and weak behavior
The equilibrium constant of the protolysis reaction
is known as the acid dissociation constant (Ka) of HA or the acidity constant:
It is often expressed as a pKa value, described as
which element have highest oxidation number and why?
Reaction of nickel cadmium storage cell charging #Minimum 100 words accepted#
principles and general steps taken
Ernest Rutherford in 1909 conducted what is now a famous experiment where he bombarded gold foil with alpha particles (Helium nuclei). A source which undergoes for alpha decay is
formula of calcium oxide
Bohr's radius can have: (1) Discrete values (2) +ve values (3) - ve values (4) Fractional values Ans: +ve values
advantages
The structure of external most shell of inert gases is; (1) s 2 p 3 (2) s 2 p 6 (3) s 1 p 2 (4) d 10
Q. What is the electromagnetic spectrum? Ans. Light is a very small slice of the electromagnetic spectrum, just the wavelengths that our eyes can see, which range from abo
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