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Being simultaneously basic and acidic, water undergoes autoprotolysis, also called self-ionization:
The equilibrium constant is
H3O+ in these equations is general simply written H+. In pure water and in solutions that do not give any additional source of H+ or OH- both ions have molar concentrations exact to 10-7. Addition of an acid decreases [OH-] and hence increases [H3O+]; addition of a base has the reverse effect.
The pH scale is defined by
Neutral water has a pH of 7, acidic solutions have lower values of ph (typically 0-7), and basic solutions or alkaline higher values (7-14). In alkaline or basic solutions [OH-] is thus greater than [H+].
Strong and weak behavior
The equilibrium constant of the protolysis reaction
is known as the acid dissociation constant (Ka) of HA or the acidity constant:
It is often expressed as a pKa value, described as
Explain the process of Grading and Sieving Grading: Grading consists of separating the sound kernels from chaff and impurities,and may be achieved by sieving or winnowing.
how to study nomenclature
WATER =1.3330 SEAWATER=1.33940 OIL=1.5204
oxidation state of p-block elements?
K3[Al(C2O4)3]
50ml of 0.1M NH 4 OH ,25ml NH 4 Cl weere used to make a buffer . what is the PH is if Pk b is 4.8? Solution) The given buffer is a base buffer [NH4OH] =[(50*0.1)/75] [NH4Cl] =[(
Examples
biography on Cecil E Boord
Why boron is electron-deficient (a) Every atom has an octet; thus, this is not an electron-deficient compound. (b) The boron is electron-deficient because it has a sextet o
Penta valent element has one electron more than 4 electrons which could be used for conduction while the trivalent elements has 1 electron less , this can also be seen as a hole
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