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Being simultaneously basic and acidic, water undergoes autoprotolysis, also called self-ionization:
The equilibrium constant is
H3O+ in these equations is general simply written H+. In pure water and in solutions that do not give any additional source of H+ or OH- both ions have molar concentrations exact to 10-7. Addition of an acid decreases [OH-] and hence increases [H3O+]; addition of a base has the reverse effect.
The pH scale is defined by
Neutral water has a pH of 7, acidic solutions have lower values of ph (typically 0-7), and basic solutions or alkaline higher values (7-14). In alkaline or basic solutions [OH-] is thus greater than [H+].
Strong and weak behavior
The equilibrium constant of the protolysis reaction
is known as the acid dissociation constant (Ka) of HA or the acidity constant:
It is often expressed as a pKa value, described as
Position of the substituent - IUPAC system of nomenclature Number of the carbon atoms in the base chain like 1, 2, 3,....... etc. starting from the end that gives lower numb
esters IR Spectrum
Hydrocarbons are compounds made completely out of Hydrogen and Carbon.
Q. Illustrate phase diagram? Ans. There are two things which influence phase change: 1. The pressure exerted on the surface of a substance. 2. The addition or rele
sourses of errors
Give one significant use of each of the following: (i) Bithional (ii) Chloramphenicol (iii) Streptomycin (iv) Paracetamol
Limitations of flame photometry: The limitations of the techniques involve the following. The low temperature of the natural gas and air flame limits a method to simply
Q. Explain laws of Electrolysis? Ans . A spontaneous reaction takes place by itself. Some redox reactions are not spontaneous. In a no n-spontaneous redox reaction ,
Iso-electronic species is: (1) F - ,O -2 (2) F - , O (3) F - , O + (4) F - , O +2 Ans: F - ,O- 2
What is the advantage of using a flame photometer instrument designed to operate with an internal standard ?
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