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Being simultaneously basic and acidic, water undergoes autoprotolysis, also called self-ionization:
The equilibrium constant is
H3O+ in these equations is general simply written H+. In pure water and in solutions that do not give any additional source of H+ or OH- both ions have molar concentrations exact to 10-7. Addition of an acid decreases [OH-] and hence increases [H3O+]; addition of a base has the reverse effect.
The pH scale is defined by
Neutral water has a pH of 7, acidic solutions have lower values of ph (typically 0-7), and basic solutions or alkaline higher values (7-14). In alkaline or basic solutions [OH-] is thus greater than [H+].
Strong and weak behavior
The equilibrium constant of the protolysis reaction
is known as the acid dissociation constant (Ka) of HA or the acidity constant:
It is often expressed as a pKa value, described as
Symmetry is a property of molecules having more than one atom of the same kind, with equal bond lengths and/or bond angles. As like the high symmetry of the SF6 molecule (Fig. 1. a
Nylone–66 is formed by
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how can we refine metal by zone refining process
Interfacial Defects Grain boundaries are interfaces where crystals of dissimilar orientations meet. A grain boundary is a single-phase interface, with crystals on each n every
In the cases that we carried out in lectures we assumed that, in scaling up: If the TIP Speed was constant then (Note: Because D a and D t are constructed at a fixed ratio we
An electron has kinetic energy 2.8 x 10 -23 J . de-Broglie wavelength will be nearly: (me: 9.1 x 10 -31 kg) (1) 9.28x 10 -4 m (2) 9.28 x10 -7 m
1. The feed to an ammonia synthesis reactor is 25% (lbmole) nitrogen with the balance hydrogen. The flow rate is 3000 kg/h at 65°C and 95 bar. Calculate the flow rate of nitrogen
Van der Waals repulsions Because severe van der Waals repulsions occur among the tert-butyl groups in compound A at normal bond lengths and angles, the only way for the molecu
what is mesomeric effect ,types ,applications
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