Ph scale, Chemistry

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Being simultaneously basic and acidic, water undergoes autoprotolysis, also called self-ionization:

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The equilibrium constant is

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H3O+ in these equations is general simply written H+. In pure water and in solutions that do not give any additional source of H+ or OH- both ions have molar concentrations exact to 10-7. Addition of an acid decreases [OH-] and hence increases [H3O+]; addition of a base has the reverse effect.

 

The pH scale is defined by

 

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Neutral water has a pH of 7, acidic solutions have lower values of ph (typically 0-7), and basic solutions or alkaline higher values (7-14). In alkaline or basic solutions [OH-] is thus greater than [H+].

 

Strong and weak behavior

The equilibrium constant of the protolysis reaction

 

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is known as the acid dissociation constant (Ka) of HA or the acidity constant:

 

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It is often expressed as a pKa value, described as

 

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