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Materials with 'hard' magnetic B/H characteristics often show a strong residual magnetism. This makes them suitable for making permanent magnets. If the ring material were magnetised, then the magnetised material itself will create a flux in the ring. No current carrying coil will be required.
For a permanent magnet, flux is produced by the alignment of magnetised domains within the material itself. (c.f earlier notes relating to residual magnetism in B/H curve). In this case, the flux exists without the need for a coil, i.e. N.I = 0. Hence applying Ampere's Law results in:
Hence eqn 1 and the B/H curve must be simultaneously satisfied and to give the flux density and magnetic field strength in the magnetic material (and hence also the air gap)
from equation (1) Bc/Hc=-Lc/Lgµ0
which is slope of a straight line. The flux density and magnetic field in the magnetic circuit is given by the point at which eqn (1) cuts the B/H curve. Permanent magnets are widely used in transducers:- loud speakers, measuring meters, D.C. motors etc.
Thermal noise This is the most significant noise in an ampli?er. It is produced by random movements of electrons in the resistors. This is caused by the ?uctuations in the volt
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