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Path Overhead
It is part of SPE and contain followings information: Performance monitor of synchronous transport , signal , path , track ,parity ,checks, and path status.
Figure Path Overhead
a.Path trace byte : The JI bytes in consecutive frames form a 64 kbps channel used for tracking the path . the JI byte send a continuous 64 bits string to verify the connection. The choice of the string is left to the application programs.
b.Path parity byte : Byte B3 is for bit interleaved parity like byte B1 and B2. But calculated for the path header.
c.Path signal label byte > Byte C2 is the path identification byte. It is used to identify different protocols used at higher levels .
d.Path status byte > Byte G1 is sent by the receiver to communicate its status to the sender.
e.Path user channel byte : The byte 2 bytes in consecutive frames like the F1 bytes form a 64 kbps channel is reserved for user needs,, but at the path level.
f.Virtual tributary indicate byte H4 is the multi frame indicator. It indicates payloads that cannot fit in single frame. Virtual tributaries are discussed in the next section.
WAN -Wide Area Network
What is piggybacked ACK The protocol will be incorrect. Suppose that 3-bit sequence numbers we are using. Consider following situation: A just send frame 7. B gets frame
Fragmentation - Wireless environment is very noisy - Corrupt frames must be retransmitted - Large frames must be divided into smaller ones to increase efficiency
Protocol Layers and their Service Models The internet is an extremely complicated system. It consists of many pieces like numerous applications and protocols various t
no ip domain-lookupcommand is use to disable domain lookup
Sole Access Protocol The atomic operations, which have conflicts, are handled using sole access protocol. The process used for synchronization in this protocol is given below:
What are the issues there in network environment Some of the issues necessary are: Network planning should be carried out covering the following important issues:
Compute the shortest path from t to all network nodes.
RIP timers
DNS Message There are the only two kinds of DNS message DNS query and reply messages. Further mote both query and reply message have the same format as shown in figure.
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