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Parameter and Keyword Description:
record_type_name:
This identifies the user-defined type specifier that is used in the subsequent declarations of the records.
NOT NULL:
This constraint prevents the assigning of the nulls to the field. At the run time, trying to assign the null to a field, defined as NOT NULL raises the predefined exception VALUE_ ERROR. The constraint NOT NULL should be followed by an initialization clause.
datatype:
The datatype is a type specifier.
:= | DEFAULT:
This keyword or operator allows you to initialize the fields to the default values.
expression:
This is a indiscriminately complex combination of the constants, variables, literals, operators, & function calls. The easiest expression consists of a single variable. When the declaration is explained, the value of the expression is assigned to the field. The value and the field should have the compatible datatypes.
Effects of NULL for Multiple Assignments - SQL If the row expression given as the source for a multiple assignment evaluates to NULL, then NULL is assigned to each target. If
Example of COALESCE operator Example: Give the total of marks for each exam (simplified solution) SELECT CourseId, COALESCE ((SELECT SUM (Mark) FROM EXAM_MARK AS EM
In Packages The Forward declarations also group logically related subprograms in the package. The subprogram specifications go in the package specification, & the subprogram b
%NOTFOUND The %NOTFOUND is the logical opposite of the %FOUND. The %NOTFOUND yields TRUE when an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement affected no rows, or the SELECT INTO state
Role of Abstraction in pl/sql: The abstraction is a high-level description or model of a real-world entity. The Abstractions keep our daily lives convenient. They help us ca
Forward Declarations The PL/SQL needs that you declare an identifier before using it. And hence, you should declare a subprogram before calling it. For illustration, the decla
Query: SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE1; Select 5 columns and all rows from one table Query: SELECT C_ID, COMPANY, BUILDING, DEPARTMENT, BRANCH FROM CONTRACT;
CURRVAL and NEXTVAL The series is a schema object which generates the sequential numbers. Whenever you form a sequence, you can specify its primary value and an increment. T
Multiset types - SQL An SQL multiset is what in mathematics is also known as a bag-something like a set except that the same element can appear more than once. The body of an
WHILE-LOOP The WHILE-LOOP statement relates a condition with the series of statements enclosed by the keywords LOOP and END LOOP, as shown: WHILE condition LOOP sequence_of_sta
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