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UTL_FILE:
The Package UTL_FILE permits your PL/SQL programs to read & write operating system (OS) text files. It gives a restricted version of the standard OS stream file I/O, involving the open, put, get, and close operations. When you desire to read or write a text file, you call the function fopen that returns a file handle for use in consequent procedure calls. For illustration, the procedure put_line writes a text string and line terminator to an open file. The procedure get_line reads a line of the text from an open file into an output buffer.
The PL/SQL file I/O is accessible on both the client and server sides. Though, on the server side, the file access is constrained to those directories explicitly listed in the accessible directories list that is stored in the Oracle initialization file.
UTL_HTTP:
The Package UTL_HTTP permits your PL/SQL programs to make hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) callouts. It can recover data from the Internet or call Oracle Web Server cartridges. The package has 2 entry points, each of that accepts a uniform resource locator (URL) string, links the specified site, and returns the requested data, that is usually in the hypertext markup language (HTML) format.
Grouping and Ungrouping in SQL Example specifying EXAM_MARK in place of COURSE in the main FROM clause. Example: Obtaining C_ER2 from EXAM_MARK SELECT CourseId, CAST
Name Resolution In potentially uncertain SQL statements, the names of the database columns take precedence over the names of the local variables and formal parameters. For e.g.
Parameter Default Values As the illustration below shows, you can initialize the IN parameters to the default values. In that way, you can pass various numbers of actual par
Using Operator DEREF: You cannot navigate through refs within the PL/SQL procedural statements. Rather than, you should use the operator DEREF in the SQL statement. The DEREF
Collections: The collection is an ordered group of elements, all of similar type (for illustration, the grades for a class of students). Each element has an exclusive subsc
%NOTFOUND The %NOTFOUND is logical, opposite of the %FOUND. The %NOTFOUND yields FALSE if the last fetch returned a row, or TRUE when the final fetch failed to return a row. I
Example of Foreign Key Constraint Example: Alternative formulation for 6.3 as a foreign key constraint ALTER TABLE EXAM_MARK ADD CONSTRAINT Must_be_enrolled_to_take_exam
Nested Tables versus Index-by Tables The Index-by tables and nested tables are just similar. For e.g. They have similar structure and their individual elements are accessed in
Dynamic SQL: The Most PL/SQL programs do a predictable, specific job. For illustration, a stored procedure may accept an employee number and salary increase, and then update t
%ROWTYPE: This attribute gives a record type which represents a row in the database table or a row fetched from a formerly declared cursor. The Fields in the record and corresp
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