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Other monadic - SQL
In 2VL there are just 4 (22) monadic operators, of which negation is really the only "useful" one. When a third truth value is introduced we have 27 (33) monadics and SQL gives names to several of these in addition to NOT for its version of negation. Some of these are shown in Figure.
Figure: Truth Tables for Some Other SQL Monadics
Object Type: The object type is a user-defined composite datatype which encapsulates a data structure along with the functions and procedures required to manipulate the data
Example of COALESCE operator Example: Give the total of marks for each exam (simplified solution) SELECT CourseId, COALESCE ((SELECT SUM (Mark) FROM EXAM_MARK AS EM
Committing and Rolling Back The COMMIT and ROLLBACK end the active autonomous transaction but do not exit the autonomous routine. As the figure shows, if one transaction ends,
PITS Depressions in secondary cell wall is called pit. A pit present on the free cell wall surface without its partner is called Blind pit. It consists of 2 parts -
Boolean Values Only the values TRUE, FALSE, & NULL can be assigned to a Boolean variable. For illustration, given the declaration DECLARE done BOOLEAN; the following statements
Cursor FOR Loops In most cases that need an explicit cursor, you can simplify the coding by using a cursor FOR loop rather of the OPEN, FETCH, and CLOSE statements. A cursor FO
Bulk Fetching The illustration below shows that you can bulk-fetch from a cursor into one or more collections: DECLARE TYPE NameTab IS TABLE OF emp.ename%TYPE; TYPE S
Semidifference and NOT - SQL In this section first describe the relational difference operator, named MINUS. Example here shows SQL's closest counterpart of that operator.
Raise_application_error - procedure of package DBMS_STANDARD , allows to issue an user_defined error messages by stored sub-program or database trigger.
Sequential Control Dissimilar to the IF and LOOP statements, the GOTO and NULL statements are not important to the PL/SQL programming. The configuration of PL/SQL is such that th
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