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Osmotic pressure:
Osmosis process is the movement of a solvent from a solution of lower solute concentration (higher solvent concentration) to one of the higher solute concentration (lower solvent concentration). In osmotic pressure measurements a semi-permeable membrane. It is permeable only to solvent (as it have holes that are small enough to prevent large solute molecules passing through) separates two liquids. This means that this technique is used for relatively large molecules, often polymers or biological macromolecules. Typically, one liquid is pure water and the other is the solute solutions of interest. This produces a flow of water from the solvent to the solute solutions. The experimental apparatus (Fig. 1) incorporates one for each liquid, two identical vertical columns, and the height of the liquid in the solution columns increase relative to that in the pure solvent column due to this net flow.
Fig.1. Schematic diagram of the apparatus for measuring osmotic pressure. (a) Apparatus at the start of the measurement; (b) apparatus at equilibrium
Caustic Embrittlement: Caustic embrittlement is a type of boiler corrosion caused by using highly alkaline water in the boiler. During softening process by lime-soda processes, fr
Q. How to Replace Metals from their Salts: Ans. If zinc is added to a solution of copper (II) sulfate, it dissolves. A reddish-brown deposit of metallic copper appears,
Q. How to prepare ammonia in industrial level? Ans. Production of Ammonia Ammonia, NH 3 , can be prepared by adding a strong alkali metal (such as sodium) to an ammon
Preparation of frcon
The four quantum number for the valence shell electron or last electron of sodium (Z = 11) is: (1) n =1, l= 1, m= -1, s= -1/2 (2) n =3, l=0, m=0, s= +1/2 (3) n =3,
Write the alkali metals in increasing order acc to ther atomic masses
GROUP 14: TIN AND LEAD Tin and lead give some resemblance to the lighter elements in group 14, especially Ge. Although they are uniquely more metallic in their physical and chem
How many grams of NaCl will be produced when 2235 g of HCl are neutralized by an excess of NaOH according to the equation below? HCl + NaOH ---> H2O + NaCl
why lithium is the strongest reducing agent in alkali metals
what are the demerits of Bohr''s atomic model?
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