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Organic & polymer solar cells are made from thin films (typically 100nm) of organic semiconductor such as polymer and small molecule compounds like poly phenylene vinylene, copper phthalocyanine a blue or green organic pigment and carbon fullerenes. The energy conservation efficiency of data using conductive polymer are low at 4-5% efficiency for the best cells to data. Though, these cells could be helpful in some applications where mechanical flexibility and disposability are significant. The invention of conductive polymer has leaded the development of much cheaper cells which are based on inexpensive plastics. However all organic solar cells made of data suffer from degradation upon exposure to UV light, and hence have lifetimes which are far too short to be viable. The conjugated double bond systems in the polymers, which take the charge, are all the time susceptible to breaking up when radiated with shorter wavelengths. Additionally, most conductive polymer, being highly unsaturated and reactive, are highly sensitive to atmospheric moister and oxidation, making commercial applications difficult.
A solid substance has a molar volume which is smaller than that of its liquid phase. Which of the following statements regarding the solid-liquid phase transition is/are true?
Area of a Circle As a Limit Describing that the area of a circle is a limit of the sum of the area of interior triangles as the number of triangles goes to infinity.
a column of water contains fine metal particles of radius 2*E(-8) m, which are in thermal equillibrium at 298 K. if there are 1000 particles per unit volume at a given height,how m
CELL CAPACITY The amount of electrical energy that a cell can provide from new to the end of its useful voltage on load is called the cell capacity and is quoted in Ampere hour
A vernier callipers gives with an auxiliary (or vernier) scale in addition to the major measurement scale. The vernier scale may be slide with the main scale. The vernier scale is
Explain the significance of virtual ground in an operational amplifier? Ans: Significance of Virtual Ground: Fig. (a) illustrates the circuit diagram of basic Inverting Ampl
Self inductance: When current through a coil changes, the changing flux induces an emf that opposes the current flow. This emf is the result of self inductance and is called '
Superposition principle The general idea is that, while a number of influences are working on a system, the total influence on that system is just the sum of the individual in
pedaling cycle is less friction or more
How many types does heat transfer? There are three ways of heat tranfer. a) Conduction (transfer of heat among objects in direct contact) b) Convection (transfer of he
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