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Organic & polymer solar cells are made from thin films (typically 100nm) of organic semiconductor such as polymer and small molecule compounds like poly phenylene vinylene, copper phthalocyanine a blue or green organic pigment and carbon fullerenes. The energy conservation efficiency of data using conductive polymer are low at 4-5% efficiency for the best cells to data. Though, these cells could be helpful in some applications where mechanical flexibility and disposability are significant. The invention of conductive polymer has leaded the development of much cheaper cells which are based on inexpensive plastics. However all organic solar cells made of data suffer from degradation upon exposure to UV light, and hence have lifetimes which are far too short to be viable. The conjugated double bond systems in the polymers, which take the charge, are all the time susceptible to breaking up when radiated with shorter wavelengths. Additionally, most conductive polymer, being highly unsaturated and reactive, are highly sensitive to atmospheric moister and oxidation, making commercial applications difficult.
In order to obtain p-type germanium it should be doped with a (A) Trivalent impurity. (B) Tetravalent impurity. (C) Pentavalent impurity. (D) Any of the above will d
Electron distribution: The atoms of a solid have electrons rotating in orbits around the positive nucleus. This is true of gases and liquids as well. These orbiting electrons
A cheetah can accelerate from rest to a speed of 27.8 m/s in 5.20 s. The cheetah can carry this speed for 9.70 s before it quickly runs out of energy and stops. What distance does
One way to keep the contents of a garage from becoming too cold on a night when severe subfreezing temperature is forecast is to put a tub of watering the garage. Assume the mass o
What is a Temperature Scales? Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin were scientists who studied how heat and temperature work. The most familiar scale to Americans (until the time tha
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What is Otto Cycle? The cycle of a highly idealized gasoline engine can be approximated by the Otto cycle. 1 → 2 and 3 → 4 are adiabatic compression and expansion, respectively
Who makes fiber optics? Glass manufacturers mostly make Glass fibers. Mainly chemical companies fabricate PMMA fibers. Companies, both private and public, manufacture other kin
True or False. The specific gravity of a fluid that sinks in water is greater than 1.00.
What is Joule Cycle? Find the efficiency of the Joule cycle, consisting of two isobars and two adiabats. Presume that the heat capacities of the gas C p and C v are constan
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