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Order of EvaluationWhen you do not use the parentheses to specify the order of evaluation, the operator precedence determine the order. Now compare the expressions below:NOT (valid AND done) | NOT valid AND doneWhen the Boolean variables valid and complete the value FALSE, the first expression yields TRUE. Though, the second expression yields FALSE as NOT has a higher precedence than AND. So, the second expression is equivalent to:(NOT valid) AND doneIn the example below, notice that if valid has the value FALSE, the entire expression yields FALSE regardless of the value of done:valid AND doneSimilarly, in the next illustration, when valid has the value TRUE, the entire expression yields TRUE regardless of the value of done:valid OR done
Example of Tables within a Table - SQL Example: Obtaining C_ER from COURSE and EXAM_MARK SELECT CourseId, CAST (TABLE (SELECT DISTINCT StudentId, Mark FROM EXAM_MARK AS EM
Special cases of projection This section describes the identity projection, r {ALL BUT}, and the projection on no attributes, r { }, which yields TABLE_DUM when r is empty, ot
Using Operator VALUE: As you may expect, the operator VALUE returns the value of an object. The VALUE takes its argument a correlation variable. For illustration, to return a
Use Native Dynamic SQL A few programs (a normal-purpose report writer for illustration) should build and process a variety of SQL statements at run time. Therefore, their full
EXIT Statement You can use the EXIT statement to exit a loop. The EXIT statement has 2 forms: the conditional EXIT WHEN and the unconditional EXIT. With the either form, you
Avoid the NOT NULL Constraint In the PL/SQL, using the NOT NULL constraint incur a performance cost. Consider the illustration as shown below: PROCEDURE calc_m IS m NUMB
a. Write an anonymous block that contains a PL/SQL function. Given an order number orderNo, the function will calculate the total number of the parts in the order. Then the anonym
SQL Is a Database Language: The commands given to a DBMS by an application are written in the database language of the DBMS. The term data sublanguage is sometimes used instea
Create a procedure named DDPROJ_SP that retrieves project information for a specific project based on a project ID. The procedure should have two parameters: one to accept a projec
Question: (a) The objective of query optimization is to choose the most efficient strategy for implementing a given relational query, thereby improving the system performance. On
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