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OPEN STATEMENT:
Whenever a READ or a WRITE operation is executed on a file, then it should be open. The opening of a file may be completed with the help of the OPEN verb. With the OPEN verb it should be also indicated whether the file must be opened as an input file or output file. If it is an input file, only the reading is possible, while in the case of an output file, only writing is possible. The file once opened remains open until it is closed by the CLOSE statement. The OPEN statement in its easiest form is as shown below:
REDEFINES CLAUSE: At times it may be found that two or more storage regions defined in the DATA DIVISION are not in use concurrently. In such situations only one storage regio
Data Division: The Data Division is a part of the COBOL program where every data item processed by the program is described. It is very important to note that unless a data
Common form of the READ statements: Format 1 is the common form of the READ statements. Format 2 is used when the access mode is either random or dynamic. For illustration,
PROCEDURE DIVISION statements for the relative files: The statements OPEN, CLOSE, READ, WRITE and REWRITE that are available for sequential files are also available for the re
The LENDER Bank offers mortgages on homes valued up to $500,000. The required down payment is calculated as follows: 4% of the first $60,000 borrowed 8% of the next $30,000 borro
Example of compound condition: In common, a compound condition has the form which is as shown below: Where condition-1 & condition-2 can be any one of the below:
FILE UPDATION: The method of modifying an old file with present information is termed as file updating. Master file: A master file is a file which is used as an author
B (Blank Insertion) : The occurrence of a B anyplace in the picture will insert a space character in the edited data. There can be more than one B in the picture. Examples:
Abbreviation: The Consecutive relational conditions in a compound condition can be abbreviated in many cases as shown: (i) When the subjects in the consecutive relational c
RENAMES CLAUSE: At times re-grouping of an elementary data items in a record may be essential so that they can belong to the original as well as to the latest group. This is o
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