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Question: a) Discuss the concept of data independence, explaining its importance in a database environment. b) To address the issue of data independence, the ANSI-SPARC t
Set Difference If R1 and R2 are two union compatible relations or relations then result of R3 =R1- R2 is the relation that have only those tuples that are in R1 but not in R2.
Describe Physical Data independence ? Physical Data Independence - It is capacity to modify the internal schema without having to change conceptual schema. Therefore, the exter
Timestamps For Read operations: If TS (T) If TS (T) >= W-timestamp (Q), then the transaction T is trying to read a value of data item Q which has been written and committed
Write short notes on tuple relational calculus. The tuple relational calculation is anon procedural query language. It defines the desired information without giving a particul
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Build a database application for a sports league. Assume your application is to keep track of teams and equipment that is checked out to teams. Explain the steps that is needed and
Explain the conventions for displaying an ER schema as an ER diagram? An E-R Diagram scheme might describe certain constraints to that the contents of a database must conform.
Define cardinality and participation constraints on a relationship type, completeness constraint on generalization. Ans: Cardinality defines the number of entities to wh
Cardinality of Relationship One-to-One Only one entity of the first set is linked to only one entity of the second set. E.g. A teacher teaches a student. Only one teacher
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