Normal distribution, Advanced Statistics

Assignment Help:

Your first task is to realize two additional data generation functions. Firstly, extend the system to generate random integral numbers based on normal distribution. You need to study Data Generator's structure and extend number generation type to activate normal distribution. The interface needs to obtain both mean and sigma as shown in Figure 1. Consider the code found here which is reproduced below for your convenience:
function gauss() {
// N(0,1)
// returns random number with normal distribution:
// mean=0
// std dev=1

// auxiliary vars
$x=random_0_1();
$y=random_0_1();
// two independent variables with normal distribution N(0,1)
$u=sqrt(-2*log($x))*cos(2*pi()*$y);
$v=sqrt(-2*log($x))*sin(2*pi()*$y);
// i will return only one, couse only one needed
return $u;
}
function gauss_ms($m=0.0,$s=1.0) {
// N(m,s)
// returns random number with normal distribution:
// mean=m
// std dev=s
return gauss()*$s+$m;
}
function random_0_1() {
// auxiliary function
// returns random number with flat distribution from 0 to 1
return (float)rand()/(float)getrandmax();
}
Notice that the return value of the above code is a floating value. You can round it to nearest integer by adding a "rounding option" to the interface.

773_normal distribution.png

Figure: Functions added to Data Generator

Next, realize one form of skewed distribution that approximates Pareto Principle. Consider a skewed access pattern often evidenced in data applications such that s percent of accesses would go to (100 - s) percent of data items. For instance, a typical "80-20 rule" for 1000 accesses over 500 data items means that about 800 accesses (80% of accesses) go to a specific set of about 100 items (20% of data items). In our case, data generation should be based on independent repeated trials, not as all trials once in a batch. Therefore, implementing strict Pareto Principle is difficult. Instead, we can approximate access pattern generation by the following method:

• skew generation function receives a range r and a skew factor s as parameter, both of which are integers and r must be larger 1 while s must be between 50 and 100.

• data elements are considered to have unique IDs in the range [1, r], in which elements are listed in an increasing order of IDs such as 1, 2, 3, ..., r.

• skew generation function produces an integer value between 1 and r representing a data access in the following manner:

1. skewed access will go to the top portion of the elements, that is, those between 1 and t = r × (100 - s) / 100.

2. draw a random number p from uniform distribution between 0 and 99.

3. if p falls in less than s, i.e., [0, s - 1], the top portion of elements [1, t] is accessed.

4. otherwise the access goes to [t + 1, r].

Above illustration should be sufficient to provide you with the concrete requirement for the two frequently utilized data generation. Figure 1 and 2 shows interface and sample output respectively. In these figures, rounding to integer is applied automatically. A checkbox should be added to the interface so that users can choose whether values generated are rounded or not. Notice that this development is not from scratch, but is "reverse engineering" of already developed product. Addition of the above functions to Data Generator is easily done. You should look into the contents of docs/data_types.php.

2439_normal distribution1.png

Figure: Generated data example


Related Discussions:- Normal distribution

Explain o. j. simpson paradox, O. J. Simpson paradox is a term coming from...

O. J. Simpson paradox is a term coming from the claim made by the defence lawyer in murder trial of O. J. Simpson. The lawyer acknowledged that the statistics demonstrate that onl

January 2015 Take-Home Assignment, 3. a. A researcher in Hong Kong computes...

3. a. A researcher in Hong Kong computes the correlation between the percentage of employee turnover and the local unemployment rate (also expressed as a percentage) over a 20-mont

Hosmer-lemeshow test, Hosmer-Lemeshow test is a goodness-of-fit test taken...

Hosmer-Lemeshow test is a goodness-of-fit test taken in use in logistic regression, particularly when there are regular covariates. Units are spitted into deciles based on predict

Determine the optimal strategy for the breeder, Consider a decision faced b...

Consider a decision faced by a cattle breeder. The breeder must decide how many cattle he should sell in the market each year and how many he should retain for breeding purposes. S

Occam''s razor, Occam's razor  is an early statement of the parsimony princ...

Occam's razor  is an early statement of the parsimony principle, which was given by William of Occam (1280-1349) namely 'entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem'; which m

Game theory, This is the branch of mathematics which deals with the theory ...

This is the branch of mathematics which deals with the theory of contests between two or more players under the specified sets of rules. The subject supposes a statistical aspect w

Mauchly test, Mauchly test is a test which a variance-covariance matrix of...

Mauchly test is a test which a variance-covariance matrix of pair wise differences of responses in the set of longitudinal data is the scalar multiple of identity matrix, a proper

Data smoothing algorithms, The procedures for extracting the pattern in a s...

The procedures for extracting the pattern in a series of observations when this is obscured by the noise. Basically any such technique or method separates the original series into

Case Study: Test Market, You and your team have been hired as strategic con...

You and your team have been hired as strategic consultants by the hugely successful retailer known as “Cutie Pie”. The company sells many products, although one product in particul

Multimodal distribution, Multimodal distribution is the probability distri...

Multimodal distribution is the probability distribution or frequency distribution with number of modes. Multimodality is frequently taken as an indication which the observed di

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd