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Modern networks are not implemented as a single piece of software; that would render the task of dealing with multiple technologies and manufacturers virtually impossible. The solution for this problem is to structure computer networks as stacks of different protocols. A protocol can be seen as a "language" in which two entities (computers, routers, etc) communicate with each other. Typically, one protocol is created to solve a predetermined set of networking tasks, such as being able to send ?xed-length messages, or guaranteeing message order, etc. The capability of a protocol to solve these tasks makes it a "black box" that can be used by protocols on the level immediately above; similarly, the protocol itself can make use of the capabilities provided by the protocol on the level immediately below. Thus, all modern networks are implemented as a stack of abstractions, all of which are implemented as composable protocols; we say that the layer N provides services to layer N+1 and uses the services from layer N-1.
As an example, consider the stack presented in Figure in this example we show how the HTTP protocol (or, similarly, SMTP and ssh) can be implemented using the services provided by the TCP protocol. Also, the TCP protocol is implemented using the services of the IP layer, which itself uses the services provided by the Ethernet layer. Notice that one advantage of this type of architecture is that if we were to build a new functionality (say, wireless connections, instead of Ethernet), it would suf?ce for us to implement this new layer and to guarantee that it provides, to the IP level, the same services that were once provided by the Ethernet level. Nowhere would we need to care about the details of TCP, HTTP, or, for that matter, any of the top-level protocols.
What do you mean by system calls? System calls give the interface among a process and the operating system. When a system call is implemented, it is treated as by the hardware
Suppose we have 3 processes running at the same time as shown in the following table. Each resource only has one instance. Show a possible scenario of resource allocation that r
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How can the deadlock be prevented? To evade deadlocks first we will have to obtain the information about how resources are to be requested. And as well we should make sure that
Gopher Gallery consists of a shopping mall and a cart ride that covers the 150 acre habitat. There are m visitors and n single-person vehicles. Visitors stroll around the mall at
In the mean while the fork() system call the Kernel creates a copy of the parent process's address space and adds it to the child process. But the vfork() system call do no
what is a batch system give me answer in simple words so that i can understand
Explain Deadlock Every process in a set of processes is waiting for an event which only a process in the set can cause.
Operating Systems 1. Explain single Partition Allocation and Multiple Partition Allocation. 2. What do you mean by PCB? What useful information is available in PCB? 3. De
Q. Explain the booting process for a Windows XP system? Answer: (1) Since the hardware powers on the BIOS begins executing From ROMand loads as well as executes the bootstrap
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