Already have an account? Get multiple benefits of using own account!
Login in your account..!
Remember me
Don't have an account? Create your account in less than a minutes,
Forgot password? how can I recover my password now!
Enter right registered email to receive password!
Modern networks are not implemented as a single piece of software; that would render the task of dealing with multiple technologies and manufacturers virtually impossible. The solution for this problem is to structure computer networks as stacks of different protocols. A protocol can be seen as a "language" in which two entities (computers, routers, etc) communicate with each other. Typically, one protocol is created to solve a predetermined set of networking tasks, such as being able to send ?xed-length messages, or guaranteeing message order, etc. The capability of a protocol to solve these tasks makes it a "black box" that can be used by protocols on the level immediately above; similarly, the protocol itself can make use of the capabilities provided by the protocol on the level immediately below. Thus, all modern networks are implemented as a stack of abstractions, all of which are implemented as composable protocols; we say that the layer N provides services to layer N+1 and uses the services from layer N-1.
As an example, consider the stack presented in Figure in this example we show how the HTTP protocol (or, similarly, SMTP and ssh) can be implemented using the services provided by the TCP protocol. Also, the TCP protocol is implemented using the services of the IP layer, which itself uses the services provided by the Ethernet layer. Notice that one advantage of this type of architecture is that if we were to build a new functionality (say, wireless connections, instead of Ethernet), it would suf?ce for us to implement this new layer and to guarantee that it provides, to the IP level, the same services that were once provided by the Ethernet level. Nowhere would we need to care about the details of TCP, HTTP, or, for that matter, any of the top-level protocols.
a summary of what operating system do
List the various file attributes. A file has particular other attributes, which vary from one operating system to another, but typically having of these: Name, identifier, typ
What is Two-level directory In the two-level directory structure every user has own user file directory (UFD). When a user jobs begins or a user logs in, the system's master fi
KERNEL ACTIVITY FOR ULTS: The kernel isn't aware of thread activity but it is still managing process activity. When a thread compose a system call the whole process will be bl
Q. Why page sizes always powers of 2? Answer: Recall that paging is executed by breaking up an address into a page and offset number. It is most competent to break the address
Q. Explain about Deadlocks? Deadlocks for (int i = 0; i // first find a thread that can finish for (int j = 0; j if (!finish[j]) { boolean temp = true; for
Invalid page fault :If a page fault happens for a reference to an address that's not part of the virtual address space, so that there could not be a page in memory corresponding
FIFO page replacement This is the easiest page replacement algorithm. Here the 1 st page toward the inside is the 1 st to leave that is the oldest page leaves. To execute th
FIFO page replacement This is the easiest page replacement algorithm. At this juncture the 1 st page entering is the 1 st to leave that is the oldest page leaves. To execute
Problem 1: (a) The grouping of organisational activities (usually into ‘departments' or larger ‘divisions') can be done in different ways. Outline 7 criteria which can be used
Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!
whatsapp: +91-977-207-8620
Phone: +91-977-207-8620
Email: [email protected]
All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd