Already have an account? Get multiple benefits of using own account!
Login in your account..!
Remember me
Don't have an account? Create your account in less than a minutes,
Forgot password? how can I recover my password now!
Enter right registered email to receive password!
Modern networks are not implemented as a single piece of software; that would render the task of dealing with multiple technologies and manufacturers virtually impossible. The solution for this problem is to structure computer networks as stacks of different protocols. A protocol can be seen as a "language" in which two entities (computers, routers, etc) communicate with each other. Typically, one protocol is created to solve a predetermined set of networking tasks, such as being able to send ?xed-length messages, or guaranteeing message order, etc. The capability of a protocol to solve these tasks makes it a "black box" that can be used by protocols on the level immediately above; similarly, the protocol itself can make use of the capabilities provided by the protocol on the level immediately below. Thus, all modern networks are implemented as a stack of abstractions, all of which are implemented as composable protocols; we say that the layer N provides services to layer N+1 and uses the services from layer N-1.
As an example, consider the stack presented in Figure in this example we show how the HTTP protocol (or, similarly, SMTP and ssh) can be implemented using the services provided by the TCP protocol. Also, the TCP protocol is implemented using the services of the IP layer, which itself uses the services provided by the Ethernet layer. Notice that one advantage of this type of architecture is that if we were to build a new functionality (say, wireless connections, instead of Ethernet), it would suf?ce for us to implement this new layer and to guarantee that it provides, to the IP level, the same services that were once provided by the Ethernet level. Nowhere would we need to care about the details of TCP, HTTP, or, for that matter, any of the top-level protocols.
What are the services provided by the operating systems? Program Development It provides a variety of services and facilities, such as debuggers and editor, to help the
Compare between the one and two-dimensional memory organizations in terms of the memory structure, advantages, and disadvantages. Which approach would better support the needs o
What are the hardware and software requirements for virtual memory? The hardware required for virtual memory is a secondary memory and page table. The page table should have th
What is paging? Paging is a memory management scheme that authorizes the physical-address space of a process to be noncontiguous. Paging evades the considerable problem of fi
The 5Z Company is selling pens to the local market. It is planning to maximize sales and profit by analyzing few conditions using the break-even analysis formula. Below is the data
. Nested Macro calls are expanded using the
Question: a. The following questions refer to a generic Windows file system: i) Describe what happens when you high-level format a floppy disk? ii) What is the maximum size
What is an operating system? An operating system is a program that acts as a mediator between a user and the computer hardware. The function of an operating system is to provid
What is page fault and what are the steps taken by the OS to remove page fault? A page fault is caused while a page that hasn't been brought into memory is being addressed. The
Q. Explain about Operating System Services? An operating system offers services to programs and to users of those programs. It provided by one environment for execution of
Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!
whatsapp: +91-977-207-8620
Phone: +91-977-207-8620
Email: [email protected]
All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd