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Differance between internal and external schema? Internal and external schema: Internal Schema • Describes the physical storage structure • Uses a physical data model External
Dependency Preservation It is obvious that the decomposition must be lossless so that we do not lose any information from the relation that is decomposed. Dependency preservati
Explain recovery process after system failure using checkpoint. Ans: Checkpoint scheme or method is an extra component of the log based recovery system. This scheme is used to
Inconsistent Analysis : The problem as given with transactions T1 and T2 where two transactions interleave to make incorrect result during an analysis by Audit is the instance of s
How nulls are treated in comparison operator? Along with comparison (relational) operators, the null values are ignored as we cannot derive the relation along with the given op
Relational and E-R Model There are three types of constraints on relational database that have: DOMAIN CONSTRAINT PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT
What is called block-level striping? Block level striping stripes blocks across many disks. It treats the array of disks as a large disk, and provides blocks logical numbers
What is trigger Triggers are statements that are implemented automatically by the system as the side effect of a change to the database.
What is data integrity? Ans: It is the data consisted of in database that is accurate and consistent. (Data integrity means that the data should be valid as per to the give
Recovery Techniques: After Reading the types of failures and database errors, let us talk about how to recover from the failures. Recovery can be complete using/restoring the previ
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