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Nature defences against viral infections
1. Interferons - In 1957 Issue and Lindenmann discovered that vertebrate cells infected with viruses, produce a diffusible antiviral protein which they named interferon. Later interferon's were found to be a class ofglyco0proteins.Interferon diffuses put from an infected cell, enters into similar cells enters into similar cells in the neighbourhood .and imparts a defense mechanism to these cells against viral infection. It has no action upon proteins in the infected cells. it is therefore used for therapeutic and preventive purposes in viral infections
2. Body immunity -Viruses are effectively poisonous these are good antigens to induce active production of specific antibodies and immune reaction in the body .Thus viral infection establish prolonged and effective immunity in the body against reinfection by the respective viruses.
Immunoprophylaxis - Vaccines
Vaccines have been extensively used to build a strong and prolonged anti viral immunity in the body against possible viral infections. The vaccines contain inactivated virions themselves which cannot cause the concerned diseases, but still act as antigens to induce antibody production by the immune system of body.
Chemotherapy- Antiviral drugs
Since viruses are strictly intracellular parasites chemotherapeutic agents and antibiotics which help in the treatment and control of bacterial diseases are ineffective for viral diseases. Central antiviral drugs have however been prepared since 1960.Some important antiviral drugs are Thsosemicarbazone for treatment and prevention of smallpox Ribavirin for influenza Deoxyuridines for herpes foscarnet for hepatitis B,etc.
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a) What is symbiotic nitrogen fixation? b) Name the two protein components required for this process. Define their role.
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