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Each gene has a characteristic mutation rate. Mutation rates are often described as an average per gene basis. For instance, Drosophila has one detectable mutation per 10,000 loci, that is, 0.01% per locus. In humans spontaneous mutation rates have been calculated for some of the dominant lethi1 genes such as retinablastoma, chondrodystrophy and Huntington's chorea. These genes have rates varying from 0.01% to 0.001% per locus which means that one out of 10,000 or 100,000 loci mutates. This is true of most of eukaryotic mutation rates which range from to per locus. Jn prokaryotes the rates may be much lower, ranging from 10-4 to 10-6 per locus. Mutations can also occur in reverse direction by which it is ineant that a mutant gene can mutate back to its wild type form. However, reverse or back mutation rates are much lower than the forward mutation rates.
It consists of: - Two kidneys that produce urine. - The left and right ureters that the urine travels through on leaving the kidneys. - The muscular urinary bladder, which
Meteorological Factors and Air Pollution Air pollution levels in a region are affected by wind, location, topography, precipitation and temperature inversions. Wind can carry
Phylum Placozoa The phylum Placozoa contains a single species of a minute marine animal Trichoplax adharens composed of a dorsal and ventral epithelial layer enclosing loose m
Implant Mobility and Discomfort Implant mobility is an indication of the lack of osseointegration. Even if periimplant disease has progressed relatively far, implants may still
history of biology
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Risk analysis- Definiton of Food Food : Any substance, whether processed, semi- processed or raw which is intended for human consumption, containing drinks, chewing gu
How has the position of the stomata changed in some plants to prevent excessive water loss by transpiration? In some plants that have leaves that be given too much sunlight the
How Parasitic infections are found? Parasitic infections are found throughout the world. With increasing travel, immigration, use of immunosuppressive drugs and the spread of A
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