Monosaccharides, Biology

Assignment Help:

MONOSACCHARIDES

  • Simple carbohydrate monomers, which cannot be hydrolysed further into simpler or smaller subunits.
  • Monosaccharides are generally colourless, crystalline and mostly sweet to taste.
  • The empirical formula is (CH2O)where n = 3 to 7.
  • A monosaccharide with aldehyde group is called aldose, generally having suffix as ose.
  • A monosaccharide with keto group is ketose, generally having suffix as ulose.

SOME COMMON ALDOSES AND KETOSES

MONOSACCHARIDE

ALDOSE

KETOSE

1. Trioses

 

2. Tetroses

 

3. Pentoses

 

4. Hexoses

 

5. Heptoses

Glyceraldehyde

 

Erythrose, Threose

 

Ribose, Deoxyribose, Xylose, Arabinose

 

Glucose, Galactose, Mannose

 

Glucoheptose, Galactoheptose

Dihydroxy acetone

 

Erythrulose

 

Ribulose

 

Fructose

 

Sedoheptulose

1.       TRIOSES

  • The monosaccharides posses three carbons, e.g. Glyceraldehyde (an aldose) and Dihydroxy acetone (a ketose).
  • They are formed in both respiration and photosynthesis.

2.      TETROSES

  • The monosaccharides posses four carbons, e.g. Erythrose,Threose, Erythrulose.
  • Tetroses are intermediates of photosynthetic and respiratory pathways as well as raw materials for many biochemicals.
  • Erythrose is raw material for synthesis of anthocyanin & lignin.

3.       PENTOSES

  • They are with 5-carbon monosaccharides, e.g. Arabinose, Deoxyribose, Ribose, Ribulose, Xylose, Xylulose.
  • Deoxyribose is also a pentose sugar but has one oxygen atom less at 2nd C, formula is C5H10O4.It is component of DNA.
  • Ribose is raw material for synthesis of ribonucleotides, cAMP, ATP, NAD, NADP, FAD and RNA.
  • Ribose and Deoxyribose sugars are involved in formation of nucleotides.
  • Some pentose sugars are intermediates of photosynthetic and respiratory pathways.
  • Arabinose and xylose produce wall materials.
  • Arabinose present in gum of Accacia.
  • Ribulose present in RuBP.

4.       HEXOSES

  • They are six-carbon monosaccharides, e.g. Fructose, Galactose,Glucose, Mannose.
  • Fructose is fruit sugar but absent in grapes. It is also the sweetest of all natural sugars with sweetness index of 170. Also known as laevulose.
  • Glucose is blood sugar with a sweetness index of 70. It is raw material for formationof complex carbohydrates.
  • Glucose is the main respiratory substrate that is oxidised by every cell in order to obtain energy.
  • Glucose is reserve carbohydrates in grapes (Grape Sugar).
  • Gluscose is also known as dextrose.
  • Glucose present in the form of open chain or ring form.

2154_gluvose and fructose.png

  • Galactose does not occur freely but is a component of lactose, agar-agar, glycolipids and glycoproteins.
  • Galactose is milk sugar or brain sugar.
  • Galactose is fastly circulated in blood.
  • Mannose is found in cell wall and many prosthetic polysaccharides.
  • Mannose is also found in wood with component of hemicellulose.
  • Mannose is not found in free form.

5.       HEPTOSES

  • Heptoses are seven - carbon monosaccharides.
  • e.g., Glucoheptose, Galactoheptose, Sedoheptulose.
  • Sedoheptulose is intermediate of both photosynthetic and respiratory pathways.

708_heptose.png


Related Discussions:- Monosaccharides

Determine the resonance frequency analysis, Resonance Frequency Analysis ...

Resonance Frequency Analysis Resonance Frequency Analysis: A non invasive device based on the principles of resonance frequency analysis (RFA) has been developed to measure pri

Explain about the food analysis and chemistry, Explain about the Food analy...

Explain about the Food analysis and chemistry? Investigation of the basic composition and physical, organic and biochemical properties of food constituents at the molecular lev

Define advantages of using yeast as a source of protein, Define Advantages ...

Define Advantages of using Yeast as a source of Protein? 1. Large size, hence separation from the culture medium is easy. 2. As the pH of the growth is towards acidic side,

Explain the alkaline copper reduction method, Explain the Alkaline Copper R...

Explain the Alkaline Copper Reduction Method? Since alkaline copper reduction methods are by far the most commonly used methods for blood glucose estimation, let us look at the

Define the factors causing underweight - etiology, Define the Factors Causi...

Define the Factors Causing Underweight - Etiology? There are a number of factors causing underweight. These are: Poor selection of food Physical activity Mothe

radioactive pollution, Radioactive pollution is a very special form of pol...

Radioactive pollution is a very special form of pollution of air, water and soil with radioactive material. Its nature of contamination and effects are different from those of othe

Carbohydrates, Carbohydrates Fifty five to seventy per cent of the re...

Carbohydrates Fifty five to seventy per cent of the required energy in animals is derived from carbohydrates. However, fats and proteins can also be broken down and used for

DNA, what is the genetic code of life

what is the genetic code of life

Mulluscas., economic importance of mulluscas

economic importance of mulluscas

Advances in mineral and vitamin nutrition of livestock, Advances in Mineral...

Advances in Mineral and Vitamin Nutrition of Livestock Even though, minerals and vitamins as nutrients are as essential as energy and protein, general negligence occurs primari

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd