Monosaccharides, Biology

Assignment Help:

MONOSACCHARIDES

  • Simple carbohydrate monomers, which cannot be hydrolysed further into simpler or smaller subunits.
  • Monosaccharides are generally colourless, crystalline and mostly sweet to taste.
  • The empirical formula is (CH2O)where n = 3 to 7.
  • A monosaccharide with aldehyde group is called aldose, generally having suffix as ose.
  • A monosaccharide with keto group is ketose, generally having suffix as ulose.

SOME COMMON ALDOSES AND KETOSES

MONOSACCHARIDE

ALDOSE

KETOSE

1. Trioses

 

2. Tetroses

 

3. Pentoses

 

4. Hexoses

 

5. Heptoses

Glyceraldehyde

 

Erythrose, Threose

 

Ribose, Deoxyribose, Xylose, Arabinose

 

Glucose, Galactose, Mannose

 

Glucoheptose, Galactoheptose

Dihydroxy acetone

 

Erythrulose

 

Ribulose

 

Fructose

 

Sedoheptulose

1.       TRIOSES

  • The monosaccharides posses three carbons, e.g. Glyceraldehyde (an aldose) and Dihydroxy acetone (a ketose).
  • They are formed in both respiration and photosynthesis.

2.      TETROSES

  • The monosaccharides posses four carbons, e.g. Erythrose,Threose, Erythrulose.
  • Tetroses are intermediates of photosynthetic and respiratory pathways as well as raw materials for many biochemicals.
  • Erythrose is raw material for synthesis of anthocyanin & lignin.

3.       PENTOSES

  • They are with 5-carbon monosaccharides, e.g. Arabinose, Deoxyribose, Ribose, Ribulose, Xylose, Xylulose.
  • Deoxyribose is also a pentose sugar but has one oxygen atom less at 2nd C, formula is C5H10O4.It is component of DNA.
  • Ribose is raw material for synthesis of ribonucleotides, cAMP, ATP, NAD, NADP, FAD and RNA.
  • Ribose and Deoxyribose sugars are involved in formation of nucleotides.
  • Some pentose sugars are intermediates of photosynthetic and respiratory pathways.
  • Arabinose and xylose produce wall materials.
  • Arabinose present in gum of Accacia.
  • Ribulose present in RuBP.

4.       HEXOSES

  • They are six-carbon monosaccharides, e.g. Fructose, Galactose,Glucose, Mannose.
  • Fructose is fruit sugar but absent in grapes. It is also the sweetest of all natural sugars with sweetness index of 170. Also known as laevulose.
  • Glucose is blood sugar with a sweetness index of 70. It is raw material for formationof complex carbohydrates.
  • Glucose is the main respiratory substrate that is oxidised by every cell in order to obtain energy.
  • Glucose is reserve carbohydrates in grapes (Grape Sugar).
  • Gluscose is also known as dextrose.
  • Glucose present in the form of open chain or ring form.

2154_gluvose and fructose.png

  • Galactose does not occur freely but is a component of lactose, agar-agar, glycolipids and glycoproteins.
  • Galactose is milk sugar or brain sugar.
  • Galactose is fastly circulated in blood.
  • Mannose is found in cell wall and many prosthetic polysaccharides.
  • Mannose is also found in wood with component of hemicellulose.
  • Mannose is not found in free form.

5.       HEPTOSES

  • Heptoses are seven - carbon monosaccharides.
  • e.g., Glucoheptose, Galactoheptose, Sedoheptulose.
  • Sedoheptulose is intermediate of both photosynthetic and respiratory pathways.

708_heptose.png


Related Discussions:- Monosaccharides

Define partition chromatography - basic separation technique, Define Partit...

Define Partition chromatography - basic separation technique? It is a technique in which separation is achieved as a consequence of the relative solubility of a substance in th

Infectious diseases, what are pathogenic characteristics of protoctista?

what are pathogenic characteristics of protoctista?

Nerves - organisation of nervous system, Nerves - Organisation of Nervous S...

Nerves - Organisation of Nervous System Due to the pattern of distribution of neurons as described above, there are bundles of nerve fibers, called nerves, connecting the cent

Neurological symptoms and signs, Neurological symptoms and signs occur in 3...

Neurological symptoms and signs occur in 30 to 40 per cent of patients with IE, are more frequent when IE is caused by S. aureus, and are associated with increased mortality rates.

Estuaries - aquatic ecosystems, Estuaries - Aquatic Ecosystems All the...

Estuaries - Aquatic Ecosystems All the rivers and lakes ultimately drain into the sea. However, many rivers develop a highly specialised zone before joining the proper sea. Th

Ageing, AGEING - The appearance of some changes as the body grows older...

AGEING - The appearance of some changes as the body grows older is called ageing. It ultinately leads to death. It can be defined as deteoration in structure and function of

Distal convoluted tubule, Normal 0 false false false EN...

Normal 0 false false false EN-IN X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4

Explain anaplerotic reactions, Anaplerotic Reactions Anaplerotic  reac...

Anaplerotic Reactions Anaplerotic  reactions are  reactions  that  replenish the  intermediates of  citric acid cycle. The  special  enzymatic mechanisms  by  which  the  pool

Tolerance range, what is tolerance range ? define and explain it ?

what is tolerance range ? define and explain it ?

Nervous system - cranial nerves, CRANIAL NERVES 12 pairs. Total weig...

CRANIAL NERVES 12 pairs. Total weight 12 gms. Upto amphibian 10 pairs cranial nerves are present. 1, 2, 8, - sensory. 3, 4, 6, 11, 12, motor. 5, 7, 9, 10 - mixed. 3

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd