Monosaccharides, Biology

Assignment Help:

MONOSACCHARIDES

  • Simple carbohydrate monomers, which cannot be hydrolysed further into simpler or smaller subunits.
  • Monosaccharides are generally colourless, crystalline and mostly sweet to taste.
  • The empirical formula is (CH2O)where n = 3 to 7.
  • A monosaccharide with aldehyde group is called aldose, generally having suffix as ose.
  • A monosaccharide with keto group is ketose, generally having suffix as ulose.

SOME COMMON ALDOSES AND KETOSES

MONOSACCHARIDE

ALDOSE

KETOSE

1. Trioses

 

2. Tetroses

 

3. Pentoses

 

4. Hexoses

 

5. Heptoses

Glyceraldehyde

 

Erythrose, Threose

 

Ribose, Deoxyribose, Xylose, Arabinose

 

Glucose, Galactose, Mannose

 

Glucoheptose, Galactoheptose

Dihydroxy acetone

 

Erythrulose

 

Ribulose

 

Fructose

 

Sedoheptulose

1.       TRIOSES

  • The monosaccharides posses three carbons, e.g. Glyceraldehyde (an aldose) and Dihydroxy acetone (a ketose).
  • They are formed in both respiration and photosynthesis.

2.      TETROSES

  • The monosaccharides posses four carbons, e.g. Erythrose,Threose, Erythrulose.
  • Tetroses are intermediates of photosynthetic and respiratory pathways as well as raw materials for many biochemicals.
  • Erythrose is raw material for synthesis of anthocyanin & lignin.

3.       PENTOSES

  • They are with 5-carbon monosaccharides, e.g. Arabinose, Deoxyribose, Ribose, Ribulose, Xylose, Xylulose.
  • Deoxyribose is also a pentose sugar but has one oxygen atom less at 2nd C, formula is C5H10O4.It is component of DNA.
  • Ribose is raw material for synthesis of ribonucleotides, cAMP, ATP, NAD, NADP, FAD and RNA.
  • Ribose and Deoxyribose sugars are involved in formation of nucleotides.
  • Some pentose sugars are intermediates of photosynthetic and respiratory pathways.
  • Arabinose and xylose produce wall materials.
  • Arabinose present in gum of Accacia.
  • Ribulose present in RuBP.

4.       HEXOSES

  • They are six-carbon monosaccharides, e.g. Fructose, Galactose,Glucose, Mannose.
  • Fructose is fruit sugar but absent in grapes. It is also the sweetest of all natural sugars with sweetness index of 170. Also known as laevulose.
  • Glucose is blood sugar with a sweetness index of 70. It is raw material for formationof complex carbohydrates.
  • Glucose is the main respiratory substrate that is oxidised by every cell in order to obtain energy.
  • Glucose is reserve carbohydrates in grapes (Grape Sugar).
  • Gluscose is also known as dextrose.
  • Glucose present in the form of open chain or ring form.

2154_gluvose and fructose.png

  • Galactose does not occur freely but is a component of lactose, agar-agar, glycolipids and glycoproteins.
  • Galactose is milk sugar or brain sugar.
  • Galactose is fastly circulated in blood.
  • Mannose is found in cell wall and many prosthetic polysaccharides.
  • Mannose is also found in wood with component of hemicellulose.
  • Mannose is not found in free form.

5.       HEPTOSES

  • Heptoses are seven - carbon monosaccharides.
  • e.g., Glucoheptose, Galactoheptose, Sedoheptulose.
  • Sedoheptulose is intermediate of both photosynthetic and respiratory pathways.

708_heptose.png


Related Discussions:- Monosaccharides

Prove thet nucleic acid is the transforming agent, Fredrick Griffith publis...

Fredrick Griffith published a series of experiments that collectively were dubbed "The Transforming Principle" in 1928. Which of the following stopped him from being able to declar

Which kind of circulatory system do molluscs have, Q. Which kind of circula...

Q. Which kind of circulatory system do molluscs have? How can it be compared to the respiratory system of annelids? Molluscs, with the exception of cephalopods, have an open ci

Discuss the presence and occurrence of lactase persistence, Lactase non-per...

Lactase non-persistence is an example of a genetic trait that has been influenced by cultural factors.Domestication of animals by humans began approximately 10  000 years ago. Farm

Concomitant caroid endarterectomy and cabg, Concomitant caroid endarterecto...

Concomitant caroid endarterectomy and CABG :   Symptoimatic or asymptomatic carotid artery disease may be present in patients undergoing CABG. It is very important to recognize thi

What are classes into which the phylum arthropoda is divide, Q. What are th...

Q. What are the classes into which the phylum Arthropoda is divided? What are the three major ones and some of their representative species? The three main classes of arthropod

Set up a potometer in the laboratory, A student set up a potometer in the l...

A student set up a potometer in the laboratory and measured the rate of movement of water in the capillary. An average of four readings gave a rate of 50mm per minute. The apparatu

Differences between meiosis and mitosis, Q. Concerning their final products...

Q. Concerning their final products daughter cells and their ploidies what are the differences between meiosis and mitosis? In mitosis one cell for illustration with 2n chromoso

Habitat for the worlds species, Q. Habitat for the worlds species? Natu...

Q. Habitat for the worlds species? Natural ecosystems provide habitat for the world's species. Forests, coral reefs and deep ocean bottoms house many species. Wetlands, through

Zone of polarizing activity (zpa), Zone of Polarizing Activity (ZPA) T...

Zone of Polarizing Activity (ZPA) The A-P axis is the 1 st axis to be fixed in the presumptive limb mesoderm at a very early stage. On the basis of results of a series of cur

Describe how many bones are there in human foot, Describe how many bones ar...

Describe how many bones are there in human foot The human foot is a great mechanical marvel. It has 26 bones, 29 joints, and 42, various ligaments, a sensitive and protective s

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd