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Managing Cursors
The PL/SQL uses 2 types of cursors: implicit and explicit. The PL/SQL declares a cursor implicitly for all the SQL data manipulation statements, including the queries which return only one row. Though, for queries which return more than one row, you should declare an explicit cursor or use a cursor FOR loop.
What Are Cursor Variables ? The Cursor variables are like C or Pascal pointers that hold the memory location (address) of some item rather of the item itself. Therefore, decl
Procedures The procedure is a subprogram which can take parameters and be invoked. Normally, you can use a procedure to perform an action. The procedure has 2 sections: the spe
Substitution and Instantiation - SQL It shows how NULL might appear in substitution for a parameter of a predicate and how it might thus participate in instantiation of that p
Error Handling The PL/SQL makes it easy to detect and process the predefined and user-defined error conditions known as exceptions. Whenever an error occurs, an exception is ra
Data Types in SQL - Decimal DECIMAL, NUMERIC, REAL, FLOAT and various other terms for various sets of rational numbers. When these key words are specified for the declared typ
Example of Using Aggregation on Nested Tables Example: How many students sat each exam WITH C_ER AS (SELECT CourseId, CAST (TABLE (SELECT DISTINCT StudentId, Mark FROM EXAM
Case Sensitivity Similar to all the identifiers, the variables, the names of constants, and parameters are not case sensitive. For illustration, PL/SQL considers the following n
Relational Algebra - SQL It describes some operators, that together constitute an algebra that is not only relationally complete but also irreducibly so (very nearly- apart f
Example of Alternative formulation as a table constraint Example: Alternative formulation as a table constraint ALTER TABLE EXAM_MARK ADD CONSTRAINT Must_be_enrolled_to_
Implicit Cursors The Oracle implicitly opens a cursor to process each SQL statement not related with an explicitly declared cursor. The PL/SQL lets you refer to the most recen
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