Log based recovery, Database Management System

Assignment Help:

Log based recovery:Let us first describe the term transaction log in the context of DBMS. A transaction log is a record in DBMS that remains track of all the transactions of a database system that update any data values in the database. A log haves the following information about a transaction:

  • A transaction start marker
  • The transaction identification: The transaction id, user id or terminal id etc.
  • The operations being performed by the transaction such as delete, update, insert.
  • The objects or data items that are affected by the transaction as well as name of the table, row number and column number.
  • The previous or before values (also known as UNDO values) and changed or after values (also called REDO values) of the data items that have been updated.
  • A pointer to the next transaction log record, if required.
  • The COMMIT marker of the transaction.

In a database system various transactions run simultaneously. When a transaction commits, the data buffers used by it require not be written back to the physical database stored on the secondary storage as these buffers may be used by various other transactions that have not yet committed.  On the other hand, some of the data buffers that may have updates by various uncommitted transactions may be forced back to the physical database, as they is no longer being used by the database.  So the transaction log helps in remembering which transaction did which alters.  Therefore the system knows exactly how to divide the changes made by transactions that have already committed from those alters that is made by the transactions that did not yet commit.  Any operation such as start transaction, insert /delete/update and end transaction (commit), adds information to the log having the transaction identifier and enough information to redo or undo the changes.

But how do we recover using log? Let us show this with the help of an example having three concurrent transactions that are active on ACCOUNTS table as:

 

Transaction T1

Transaction T2

Transaction T3

Read X

Read A

Read Z

Subtract 100

Add 200

Subtract 500

Write X

Write A

Write Z

Read Y

 

Add 100

Write Y

                                                Figure: The sample transactions

Suppose that these transactions have the following log file (hypothetical) at a point:

Transaction Begin Marker

Transaction

Id

Operation on ACCOUNTS table

UNDO values (assumed)

REDO

values

Transaction Commit Marker

Y

T1

Sub on X Add on Y

500

800

400

Not done yet

N

Y

T2

Add on A

1000

1200

N

Y

T3

Sub on Z

900

400

Y

                                 Figure: A sample (hypothetical) Transaction log

Now suppose at this point of time a failure occurs, then how the recovery of the database will be completed on restart.

Values

Initial

Just before the failure

Operation

Required for recovery

Recovered Database Values

X

500

400 (assuming update has been done in physical database also)

UNDO

500

Y

800

800

UNDO

800

A

1000

1000 (assuming update has not been done in physical database)

UNDO

1000

Z

900

900 (assuming update has not been done in physical database)

REDO

400

 


Related Discussions:- Log based recovery

Why are cursors necessary in embedded sql, Why are cursors necessary in emb...

Why are cursors necessary in embedded SQL? A cursor is an object used to store the output of a query for row-by-row processing through the application programs. SQL statements

Structure of client server systems, Structure of Client Server Systems: In ...

Structure of Client Server Systems: In client/server architecture, clients show users who require services while servers give services. Both client and server are a combination of

Doppler Effectabase Management , #question. Draw a picture of a moving sour...

#question. Draw a picture of a moving source and the waves surrounding it according to what you observed in this experiment. How does the spacing of the wave-fronts in front of the

Logical entity relationship diagrams, How can i turn a conceptual entity re...

How can i turn a conceptual entity relationship diagram into a logical entity relationship diagram? what do i have to do with "mandetory or" and "optional or" relationships?

What are the parts of sql language, What are the parts of SQL language? ...

What are the parts of SQL language? The SQL language has various parts: data - definitition language  Data manipulation language  View definition  Transaction contr

Implement a cache simulator, You are required to program (in a high level l...

You are required to program (in a high level language such as C, C++, Java) and implement a cache simulator which will have the following inputs and outputs:- INPUTS

Types of attributes, Attributes attached to an entity can be of various typ...

Attributes attached to an entity can be of various types. Simple The attribute that cannot be further separated into smaller parts and shows the basic meaning is known as a

Discuss the term- design optimization, Discuss the term- Design Optimizatio...

Discuss the term- Design Optimization  We have seen various ways of representing the objects.The fundamental design model uses analysis model as the framework for implementati

Create a new service-based database, In this assignment, you will create a ...

In this assignment, you will create a program that works with multiple tables. In this assignment, you will work with the factory and sales tables. 1. Create a new project nam

Boyce-codd normal form (bcnf), Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) The relati...

Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) The relation NEWSTUDENT (Enrolmentno, Sno, Sname, Cname, Cno,) has every attributes participating in candidate keys as all the attributes are assu

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd